笑門来福 shōmon raifuku Good fortune comes to a home full of laughter — the proverb 笑う門には福来る, written in four characters

笑門来福 (shōmon raifuku), good fortune comes to a home full of laughter, is the Japanese proverb 笑う門には福来る written as Chinese, and its oldest dated use as a sentence opens an essay printed in 1850 and written for an image of the god Daikoku laughing with his mouth wide open.

Abstract

笑門来福, shōmon raifuku, is the Japanese proverb 笑う門には福来る, good fortune comes to a home full of laughter, written in four characters of literary Chinese; no Chinese source for it has been found. Edo wrote 笑門 for the proverb's first words from the 1780s, and the oldest dated sentence that uses the four characters opens 大黒像記, On an Image of Daikoku, printed in 1850 by the Confucian scholar 川北温山 for an image of the god of fortune laughing with his mouth wide open: the world has a saying, fortune comes to the gate that laughs. Through the Meiji years the characters were usually written 笑門福来, the proverb's own order, and glossed with its Japanese words, while the scroll's order, 笑門来福, is on a seal of 1850 by a scholar's report and on a printed title of 1883, and became the common form after the 1960s. The dictionary note that derives it from a Chinese line, 打開笑門福自來, began as a question in a wiki edit of 2008.

Overview

The sense. The four characters have no entry of their own in the Japanese dictionaries at kotobank, which head the proverb ^[1]. The デジタル大辞泉 gives the proverb as 笑いの絶えない人の家には、自然と幸福が訪れる, good fortune comes of itself to the house of a person where laughter never stops; the ことわざを知る辞典 gives なごやかで笑いのたえない家には福の神が訪れ、繁盛する, the god of fortune visits a house that is peaceful and full of laughter, and it prospers ^[1]. The 精選版 日本国語大辞典 heads the proverb as 笑門には福来たる, writing warau kado with the two characters 笑門, and gives いつも笑い声が満ち、和気あいあいとした家には、自然と幸福が訪れる, good fortune comes of itself to a house always full of laughter and harmony, with its first example from the kyōgen 筑紫奥 of the late Muromachi or early Edo period ^[2]. JMdict, which does head the four characters, gives good fortune and happiness will come to the home of those who smile, and notes the shorter 笑門 on New Year decorations hung over the front door ^[3]. So the sense is the proverb's: a home, not a person; laughter that is shared, not a smile put on; and fortune that comes of itself.

The words. 笑, shō, to laugh; 門, mon, the gate, and so the house and the household behind it; 来, rai, to come; 福, fuku, good fortune. In the order 笑門来福 the characters run as Chinese grammar would put them, the laughing gate, comes fortune, and are read in their Chinese readings, しょうもんらいふく, shōmon raifuku. In the order 笑門福来 they follow the Japanese proverb word for word, 笑門 warau kado, 福 fuku, 来 kitaru, and were glossed in the proverb's own Japanese (The historical record, 1877). The ことわざを知る辞典 explains the 門 as the entrance that stands for the house, the family and the line, and the 福 as the fortune the god of fortune once brought, prosperity in trade and peace in the family; the 上方 iroha card for the proverb showed the god Daikoku 大黒 laughing with his whole face, and behind it stood the Daikoku dance, 大黒舞, in which performers in the masks of Daikoku and Ebisu went from gate to gate at the New Year scattering laughter ^[1].

The text in English. No English rendering of the four characters was found before a stamp catalogue's romaji of 1999 (Notes). The English of the proverb is older, from wealth comes to the house of laughter in Hepburn's dictionary of 1872 to Fortune comes in by a merry gate; that history is told in the companion history of the proverb ^[4].

The historical record

The 1780s to the 1840s. 笑門 for warau kado. Edo's popular books wrote the proverb's first words with the two characters 笑門 and let the reader supply the rest. The National Institute of Japanese Literature's database lists, among others, a book of comic stories titled 落咄笑門 (1786); Santō Kyōden's illustrated book 福種笑門松 (1790); a book of comic stories titled simply 笑門 (1797); 福来笑門松 (1808); 笑門喩福仁 (1812); 笑門松和合寿 (1842); and a Tokiwazu dance piece first performed in 1847, 笑門俄七福 ^[5]. Writers took it into their names: 笑門亭, the editor of a book of 1808 ^[5]. 笑門 in these titles is no Chinese word; it is the Japanese proverb, and the titles play on it.

1811. The four characters as a name. A manuscript comic book, 碁目汁, carries a preface dated 辛未, 1811, by a writer who signs as 笑門福来子, Master Fortune-Comes-to-the-Laughing-Gate ^[6]. The book is known from a manuscript once owned by the scholar of Edo fiction Ozaki Kyūya 尾崎久弥 and now in the Hōsa Library in Nagoya, and from Ozaki's descriptions of it ^[6][7]; no image of it is published, and it was not seen (Sources not seen). The four characters, in the proverb's own order, are already a joke a writer could sign.

1850. 大黒像記, On an Image of Daikoku, by 川北温山. The collected prose of 川北温山 (1794–1853), a Confucian scholar of the Shimabara domain, named 重熹, courtesy name 儀卿, also styled 春風楼, was printed in 1850; its title page reads 嘉永三年庚戌五春新鐫, newly cut in the spring of 嘉永3 (1850), 島原川北儀卿著, by Kawakita Gikei of Shimabara, 春風樓藏板, blocks held by the 春風楼 ^[8][9]. Its table of contents lists 大黒像記 among the seven 記 of the first volume, and the essay opens ^[8]:

世諺有之曰。笑門福来。蓋笑者人之和氣也。非唯人為然。天地以好生為徳。一團和氣流行。

The world has a saying: fortune comes to the gate that laughs. For laughter is the harmony of a person; and not of people only: heaven and earth make the love of life their virtue, and one great harmony goes round. The essay goes on through laughter in the Changes and the Odes, the three friends of the Zhuangzi, 子桑戸, 孟之反 and 子琴張, who laughed together in perfect accord, and 惠遠, 陶淵明 and 陸修靜, who laughed together in forgetting; when one should laugh and does not, harmony is lost; when one need not laugh and laughs, it comes close to flattery ^[8]. Near its close it gives its occasion ^[8]:

今大黒之像開口大笑。小林翁笑而乞余文。

Now this image of Daikoku opens its mouth in a great laugh, and old Kobayashi, laughing, asked me for a piece of writing. So the oldest dated sentence that uses the four characters was written for an image of the god of fortune laughing, 大黒之像, and it calls them a saying of the world, 世諺, the Japanese proverb, which 温山 then sets in Chinese. The essay was reprinted as a model of Chinese prose through the Meiji years: the Diet Library's search finds it in 文章奇観 of 1877 and in seven more anthologies and school readers to 1899, one of which, the 和漢名家文章軌範 of 1880, glosses the line 笑門ニ福來ルト, to the laughing gate, fortune comes ^[10].

1850. 笑門來福 on a seal. The scroll's order, by Ozaki's report. A provincial writer of Ibara in Bitchū, 三宅快幸 (1783–1852), left in manuscript a sequel to the comic travel novel Hizakurige, 膝栗毛副編; Ozaki, who owned it, reports its colophon, dated in the eleventh month of 嘉永3 (1850) and signed 參快幸 at sixty-eight, and its seal ^[11]:

印形に、陰文に明らかに三宅快幸、陽文に笑門來福とあつて

on the seal, cut in intaglio, plainly 三宅快幸, and in relief, 笑門來福. The manuscript was not seen, and Ozaki's article and book are not served outside Japan; the report is known from the Diet Library's search snippets, which carry the sentence whole ^[11].

1869. 菅野白華. The Himeji Confucian 菅野白華 (1820–1870) wrote a short piece for a friend who laughed well ^[12][13]:

上古事代主命善笑。至今號為笑壽神。諺曰。笑門福来。

In high antiquity the god 事代主命 loved to laugh, and to this day he is called the god of laughing long life (笑壽, read Ebisu). The saying goes: fortune comes to the gate that laughs. Again it is 諺, a saying, and again the laughing god of fortune.

1877. The proverb's own words. 菊池純's sketches of Kyoto, 西京伝新記, describe a New Year at a bath-house: the bath is named 亀湯, the Tortoise Bath, its keeper is 鶴助, Crane, and the ward is 松竹, Pine and Bamboo, so that the writer, counting the good omens, cannot help laughing ^[14]:

不覺一笑。亦自祝曰。笑門福来。笑門福来。

I laughed in spite of myself, and blessed myself: fortune comes to the laughing gate, fortune comes to the laughing gate. The print glosses the first 笑門福来 ワラウカドニハフクキタル, warau kado ni wa fuku kitaru ^[14]. In 1877 the four characters were read as the proverb.

1874 to 1913. The Meiji 笑門福来. The four characters, in the proverb's order, are everywhere in Meiji print. A writer signed as 笑門舎福来 from 1874 ^[5]; the comic paper 團團珍聞 in 1880 and 1884 names a 笑門福來社 and its magazine, 面白誌 ^[15]; 痩々亭骨皮道人 titled a book of humor 滑稽笑門福来 in 1890 ^[16]; and 三遊亭圓朝, the great storyteller of rakugo, had a story called 笑門福來, which a book of 1913 recalls as one of 圓朝's favorites ^[17]. In the Diet Library's full text, 笑門福来 is the more common of the two orders in every decade from the 1860s to the 1950s ^[18].

1883. 笑門来福 as a printed title. A book of comic verse, 狂句百面相, edited by 前島和橋 and published in 1883, carries above its title a cap in two columns, 笑門 on the right and 来福 on the left; the library catalogues it 狂句百面相 : 笑門来福 ^[19]. It is the oldest printed 笑門来福 found.

1896 to 1932. Two readings. 團團珍聞 of 25 January 1896 prints 笑門來福 with the ruby せうもんらいふく, shōmon raifuku, by the Diet Library's search snippet ^[20]. A book of home games of 1906, describing a laughing game in which a row of players must keep straight faces, rubies the same four characters わらふかどにはふくきたる, warau kado ni wa fuku kitaru ^[21]:

此の遊びを一名來福遊びと申しますのは申すまでもなく、笑門來福の意を取つたのでございます。

This game is also called the fortune game, which of course takes its meaning from 笑門來福 ^[21]. A magazine of 1917 glosses it わらうかどにふくきたる ^[22]. In 1932 牧野元次郎, who preached a creed of smiling, ニコニコ主義, and had published a magazine called ニコニコ, prints it with the ruby せうもんらいふく and the proverb beside it, 笑門來福で、笑ふ門にこそ福, and tells, on the facing page, how the creed began with a carved Daikoku about two sun, a few centimeters, high, bought by the Uji Bridge at Ise on the first day of a New Year about twenty years before: 大黒様は福の神であるといふこと, that Daikoku is the god of fortune ^[23]. Both readings are in print, the Chinese and the Japanese.

1891 and 1919–1923. 笑門福自來. A five-character form is also Japanese. A journal of 1891 writes 古人不謂乎、笑門福自來, did not the ancients say, fortune comes of itself to the laughing gate? ^[24]. The priest 蘆津実全, in a collection of inscriptions of 1923, wrote on a picture of a god of fortune ^[25]:

珠玉在胸裏　笑門福自來　掌中收不得　顆々溢堆々

The jewels are in his breast; to the laughing gate fortune comes of itself; his hands cannot hold them all; they spill over, heaped up. In the same collection, for a layman's sixtieth birthday in 1919, 蘆津 wrote of a man who was always cheerful and quick to laugh, 諺曰笑門福來。居士之謂也, the proverb says fortune comes to the laughing gate: it is said of this layman ^[25].

From 1895. 笑門 on the New Year rope of Ise. In Ise and Shima the New Year rope at the door carries a wooden tag with a god's name or a lucky phrase, and one of them is 笑門. A traveller's letter of 1895 lists the tags the writer saw, 蘇民將來子孫門, 美賀登之神, 三神門 and 笑門 ^[26]. A book of 1908 gives them as 八街比古命 久那戸之神 八街比賣命, 蘇民將來子孫家, and 笑門, 嘉門, 歡喜門, and adds that each house writes the same words every year by its own custom ^[27]. A museum catalogue of 1911 calls the tags a charm to keep away plague and bring fortune, 避疫來福ノ護符, said to have begun in the Tenpyō era, and names the story of 蘇民将来, the man who received a charm against calamity from the god Susanoo and escaped death by plague, as an attached legend, 附會的傳說, found in many books, which also shows the tags' origin ^[28]. None of these says why a house writes 笑門, and no explanation of that was found.

1930 to 1949. 笑門來福 is written inside a great gourd painted by 圓能齋, hung in the alcove of a tea room in 1930, as a tea journal reports ^[29]; street calligraphers sell it on scrolls in 1943, beside 人生七轉八起, fall seven times, rise eight ^[30]; and school readers of 1948 give it as the example of a 春れん, a New Year couplet on red paper, in a lesson whose setting the search snippets do not show ^[31].

After the 1960s. In the Diet Library's full text, which thins after 1949 because the books are under copyright, 笑門来福 becomes the more common order in the 1960s and is far ahead in the 1980s and 1990s ^[18].

What is not a source. No Chinese text was found. In CBETA's full text of the Chinese Buddhist canon, 笑門來福, 笑門福 and 打開笑門 occur nowhere, and every 笑門 but one, a glossary line, is a laugh and a name split across a sentence, Qianfeng laughed; Yunmen said ^[32]. In the Chinese Wikisource none of the four-character forms occurs ^[33]. A web search found no Chinese New Year couplet carrying 笑门来福 or 打开笑门福自来. The Chinese source in JMdict, from Chinese 打開笑門福自來, has a traceable origin. The entry was submitted to JMdict by a user on 30 January 2015 with that line as its source language and with one reference, Japanese Wiktionary's article on the proverb ^[3]. That article's line was written on 3 December 2008, when an editor, removing an unsourced etymology added a month before, wrote under its synonyms ^[34]:

但し、中国における一般的な表現ではないので注意。もとは、「打開笑門福自來」か。

Note, however, that it is not a common expression in China. Was it originally 打開笑門福自來? So the Chinese source began as a question, in the same sentence that said the four characters were not a common Chinese expression, and became a dictionary note when the question mark was dropped. Nor is the game of 福笑い, in which a blindfolded player sets the features on a face of Otafuku, a source, though a web article of 2021 says so without a reference ^[35]: the dictionaries describe 福笑い as a face game ^[36], and the game that took its name from 笑門來福 in 1906 was a different one, a game of not laughing ^[21].

A reading

I read 笑門来福 as a proverb that went into Chinese dress and kept a Japanese heart. The early writers who put the four characters in a sentence of their own, 温山 in 1850, 白華 in 1869 and 蘆津実全 in 1919, call them a saying, 世諺 or 諺, and the first two write them for a laughing god of fortune, Daikoku with his mouth wide open and 事代主命, called the god of laughing long life; 蘆津実全 wrote the five-character form on a picture of a god of fortune ^[8][12][25]. The proverb's own iroha card, the dictionary says, showed Daikoku laughing, and the Daikoku dancers carried laughter from gate to gate at the New Year ^[1]. So when the four characters arrive in Chinese they arrive with the god, and when they were glossed they were glossed back into Japanese, warau kado ni wa fuku kitaru ^[14][21]. What changed over two centuries is the order. 温山 and the Meiji writers kept the proverb's order, 笑門福来; the scroll's order, 笑門来福, reads like Chinese grammar, laughing gate, comes fortune, and it won only in the second half of the twentieth century, when the four characters had come to look like a Chinese motto, and before a dictionary began to say they were one ^[18][3]. I read that victory as the proverb dressing for the alcove, not as a sign that it came from China. The laughter in it is the household's, shared and unforced; the ことわざを知る辞典 is right that it is not laughter at anyone ^[1]; and the fortune comes of itself, 自然と, because it is drawn, not asked for ^[1][2].

Notes

• The two orders: the four characters are 笑門福来 or 笑門福來 in 1811, 1850, 1869, 1877 and through the Meiji years, and 笑門來福 or 笑門来福 on the 1850 seal by Ozaki's report and on the 1883 title ^{[6][8][11][12][14][19]}. The 1850 print writes 来 in its own form; 笑 throughout the 1877 reprint is printed in a form with 竹 over 夭 ^[8][10].
• The readings: しょうもんらいふく, shōmon raifuku, is JMdict's and the ruby of 1896 and 1932 ^[3][20][23]; the proverb's Japanese, warau kado ni wa fuku kitaru, is the gloss of 1877 and 1906 ^[14][21].
• Ozaki dates 碁目汁's preface 辛未〔文化九年〕; 辛未 is 文化8, 1811, the date the National Institute of Japanese Literature gives with a note that it corrected the date ^[6][7].
• Whether the writer who signed 笑門福来子 in 1811 is the 三宅快幸 whose seal read 笑門來福 in 1850 is not shown: Ozaki's list files the two manuscripts under different regions, 快幸's own pen name was 月六齋市人, and the catalogues index the two separately ^[7][11].
• The last two characters of 温山's essay before 之笑乎 are read 矮豎 with uncertainty; the translation above stops before them ^[8].
• The English: in the English books read for this history and in the Internet Archive's full text, the four characters appear in English only as the romaji Shomon-raifuku, the title of a Japanese rakugo stamp issue of 12 March 1999, in a note in Linn's Stamp News ^[37]. Asia in November 1927 describes a Tokyo café's box of matches on which is written the legend, "Fortune comes in by a merry gate", without saying which Japanese form the box carried ^[38].
• Counts: row counts of the Diet Library's full-text search, which returns a book or an issue once however many times the words occur in it ^[18].

Sources not seen

碁目汁, the manuscript with the 1811 preface signed 笑門福来子, 名古屋市蓬左文庫 (尾崎久弥コレクション, 尾12・244); not imaged by the National Institute of Japanese Literature or by the library. It would show the pen name at the leaf.

三宅快幸, 膝栗毛副編, manuscript, with the 1850 colophon and the seal 笑門來福; and Ozaki Kyūya's account of it, 「三宅快幸の稿本作」, 『旅と伝説』 4-2, 1931, reprinted in 『江戸小説研究』, 1935. The Diet Library serves both only inside Japan.

The 1948 school readers, 『新編模範國語』 and 『新興の大全科』, which give 笑門來福 as an example of a 春れん; served only inside Japan. They would show whose New Year the lesson describes.

『伊勢参宮名所図会』, 1797, for the Ise door tags before 1895; not read.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

1. 「笑う門には福来る」, デジタル大辞泉 and ことわざを知る辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/笑う門には福来る-665616
2. 「笑門には福来たる」, 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/笑門には福来たる-2094384
3. JMdict, 「笑門来福」, entry 2826642, with its edit history (submitted 30 January 2015; edited 4 February 2015 and 1 August 2022). https://jisho.org/word/笑門来福 · https://www.edrdg.org/jmwsgi/entr.py?svc=jmdict&q=2826642 (the database asks for its monthly access code, which its own page publishes)
4. 典 Ten, 「笑う門には福来る」, Philology, Takase Studios. https://takase.com/library/philology/warau-kado-ni-wa-fuku-kitaru
5. 国書データベース, 国文学研究資料館: 『落咄笑門』 (work 748141), 『福種笑門松』 (480171), 『笑門』 (1258408), 『福来笑門松』 (1659934), 『春景浅茅原』 (1233654), 『笑門喩福仁』 (1874391), 『笑門松和合寿』 (544707), 『笑門俄七福』 (544694), 『開化東京膝栗毛』 (4358834). https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/748141 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/480171 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/1258408 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/1659934 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/1233654 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/1874391 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/544707 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/544694 · https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/4358834
6. 「碁目汁」, 国書データベース, 国文学研究資料館, work 1130956. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/1130956
7. 尾崎久弥, 『江戸軟文学考異』, 1933, and 名古屋市蓬左文庫 編, 『尾崎久弥コレクション目録』, 1977, by the National Diet Library's search snippets; not served outside Japan. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1208778 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12450217
8. 川北温山, 『温山文』, 春風樓, 嘉永3 (1850), the copy of the 国文学研究資料館 (日本漢詩文), canvases 2, 8–9 and 29–30. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/200012008/29
9. 「川北温山」, デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/川北温山-1067669
10. 大谷元知 等編, 『文章奇観』 続編, 1877, scans 12–13, 71–73; and 小川亮, 味岡正義 編, 『和漢名家文章軌範』, 1880, by the National Diet Library's search snippet. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/893125/1/72 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/865589
11. 尾崎久弥, 「三宅快幸の稿本作」, 『旅と伝説』 4-2, February 1931, and 『江戸小説研究』, 1935, by the National Diet Library's search snippets; not served outside Japan. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1483505 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1882468
12. 菅野白華, 『白華十稿』, 1869, scan 34. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992010/1/34
13. 「菅野白華」, デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/菅野白華-1083510
14. 菊池純, 『西京伝新記』, 半月堂, 1877, scan 42. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1087801/1/42
15. 『團團珍聞』, 4 December 1880 and 15 November 1884, by the National Diet Library's search snippets; not served outside Japan. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/11210138 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/11210410
16. 痩々亭骨皮道人, 『滑稽笑門福来』, 1890. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/882441
17. 和田垣謙三, 『兎糞録』, 1913, by the National Diet Library's search snippet. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/947480
18. National Diet Library Digital Collections, full-text search, 「笑門来福」 (392 results) and 「笑門福来」 (613 results), counted by decade of publication, 5 October 2026. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/search/searchResult?keyword=笑門来福 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/search/searchResult?keyword=笑門福来
19. 前島和橋 編, 『狂句百面相 : 笑門来福』, 文盛堂, 1883, scan 1. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/876049/1/1
20. 『團團珍聞』, 25 January 1896, by the National Diet Library's search snippet; not served outside Japan. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/11210562
21. 『家庭遊戯全書』, 1906, scan 14. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/861400/1/14
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32. CBETA full-text search, 「笑門來福」, 「笑門福」, 「打開笑門」 and 「笑門」, 5 October 2026. https://cbdata.dila.edu.tw/stable/search?q=%E7%AC%91%E9%96%80%E4%BE%86%E7%A6%8F · https://cbdata.dila.edu.tw/stable/search?q=%E7%AC%91%E9%96%80
33. Chinese Wikisource full-text search, "笑門來福", "打開笑門" and "笑門福", 5 October 2026. https://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?search=%22%E7%AC%91%E9%96%80%E4%BE%86%E7%A6%8F%22&fulltext=1
34. 「笑う門には福来たる」, Japanese Wiktionary, revisions of 1 November 2008 and 3 December 2008, and the current page. https://ja.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?oldid=191402 · https://ja.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?oldid=195892 · https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/笑う門には福来たる
35. 「『笑門来福』の意味とは? 由来・年賀状におけるマナーや類語も解説」, マイナビニュース, 29 April 2021. https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20210429-1871164/
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38. Asia 27, no. 11, November 1927. Internet Archive asia-v-27-n-11-1927-11. https://archive.org/details/asia-v-27-n-11-1927-11

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

Not yet reviewed.