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商売繁盛 shōbai hanjō A Thriving Trade — business going well and earning good profit, and the wish for it spoken over a shop

商売繁盛 (shōbai hanjō) is a thriving trade, a business going well and earning good profit. The four characters first stand as a blessing, in the mouths Chikamatsu gave a crier, a mother-in-law and a New Year song; they lived on in the shrine-goer's list and at Ebisu's festival, and reached the English dictionaries, which kept the turnover and lost the god.

Abstract

商売繁盛, shōbai hanjō, says that a trade flourishes: a business with many customers and good profit. The four characters are Japanese, and in the full texts searched for this history (the National Diet Library's and the National Institute of Japanese Literature's) they first stand in the puppet plays of Chikamatsu Monzaemon 近松門左衛門, in 1705 and 1715, and there they are not a description but a blessing: announced for the New Year by an oracle-crier, said over a son-in-law's shop on the first calendar day, and sung in a New Year song in which the young Ebisu guards the trade. Through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it is a thing prayed for at shrines and god-shelves, mocked by the moral preachers of the 心学 school, and the prayer of the Ebisu feast, while the festival cry shōbai hanjō de sasa motte koi appears in the National Diet Library's full text only from the 1930s and the modern spelling 繁盛 only became standard when the postwar character tables left out the 昌 of the old 繁昌. The English dictionaries have rendered the turnover and never the blessing; only the visitors who heard it said wrote it down as a prayer.

Overview

The sense. One sense in the Japanese dictionaries: business goes well and earns a great deal [1]. The national dictionary gives the word 繁昌 three senses in turn, a family or house growing in number and power, a country or city thriving with trade and people, and a shop or firm with many customers and good profit, and its example for the third is the phrase as a thing prayed for, 家内安全商売繁盛を祈る, to pray for the household's safety and a thriving trade [2]. In use the phrase has two faces, which the record below takes in turn: a blessing or prayer spoken over a trade, which is how it first appears and how it has lived at shrines and on charms; and a plain description of a place or a shop that is doing well, which is how the Meiji geographies and the English dictionaries use it.

The words. 商売 (old form 商賣) is trade, a merchant's business, and by extension any livelihood; the national dictionary dates it to 927 [3]. 繁昌 is to flourish: first of a house and its descendants, in a diary of 990; then of a city; and of shops first in 1072, in a Japanese monk's diary of Song China [2]. The phrase is read shōbai hanjō; the chanters' print of 1715 rubies 商賣 しやうばい, and the later Edo and Meiji prints ruby the whole しやうばいはんじやう [4][5]. Two editions of 1923 print a second reading, akinai hanjō, at two of Chikamatsu's passages (below). The spelling. Until 1946 the phrase is written 繁昌 almost everywhere; in the National Diet Library's full text of books digitized to about 1949, the phrase written 商売繁昌 outnumbers 商売繁盛 about seventeen to one [6]. 繁盛 was in the Meiji period a separate word, read hansei, flourishing, used of cities and trade [7][8]. The character 昌 is not in the 当用漢字表 of 1946, the list of characters for general use [9]; 盛 is, and the table of readings that followed, adopted by the council in 1947, gives it the reading jō for a limited number of words [10], so 繁盛 became the way the tables allowed hanjō to be written. The 常用漢字表 of 2010 gives 盛 jō with the single example 繁盛 [11]. The national dictionary heads the word 繁昌・繁盛・蕃昌, the others 繁盛 with 繁昌 beside it [1][2].

The text in English. The Meiji bilingual dictionaries render the word and leave the phrase to examples: Hepburn in 1888 sets 繁昌 hanjō, prosperity; a thriving, flourishing state, increasing in wealth and trade, beside a separate 繁盛 hansei, flourishing; thriving [7]. The earliest English for the phrase itself in the National Diet Library's full text is a commercial phrasebook of 1876, good run of custom [12]; Lafcadio Hearn gives it in 1894 as a prayer, that our business may prosper [13]. JMdict today gives thriving (prosperous) business; rush of business [14].

The historical record

990–1072. The word before the phrase. 繁昌 is first a Japanese word for a house's increase: the national dictionary's earliest example is the diary 小右記 of 990, 一枚為子息繁昌, and its second sense, a city thriving, is in the 平家物語, いまの都は繁昌す [2]. Its first use of shops is by the Japanese monk Jōjin 成尋, writing in Chinese of a county where his boat stopped on the way through Song China, on the eighth day of the tenth month of 1072 [15]:

廣大縣也。賣買店家繁昌。莊嚴異他縣。

It is a large county. Its shops and dealers flourish, and it is grander than the other counties.

1705. Chikamatsu, 用明天皇職人鑑, the oracle-crier. The earliest 商賣繁昌 in the full texts searched for this history (the National Diet Library's and the National Institute of Japanese Literature's) is a blessing for the New Year. In the fourth act of Chikamatsu's play a man disguised as a 鹿島の事触れ, the itinerant crier who went from province to province announcing the Kashima god's oracle for the year, proclaims it for the year of the rat [16]:

子の年の鼠は大黑のつかはしめ、鼠算の一倍增に商賣繁昌五穀成就。なんぼうめでたい年なれども爰に一つの大事がある

The rat of a rat year is Daikoku's messenger: doubling and doubling like the rats in a rat-sum, a thriving trade and the five grains ripened. A happy year indeed, but there is one great danger in it. The crier's pun on the leap year and the rat follows, and the oracle turns into a warning to the household he has come to rescue. The phrase stands in a god's promise for the year, beside the harvest, as the townsman's half of the farmer's blessing. The 1923 edition rubies it あきなひはんじやう, akinai hanjō [16].

1715. Chikamatsu, 大経師昔暦, a mother-in-law and a New Year song. The phrase stands twice in Chikamatsu's play of the calendar-maker. On the first day of the eleventh month, the day the 大経師 issues the new calendar to the court and celebrates as his New Year, the mother of his wife arrives with her congratulations [4][17]:

先々今日は毎年かはらぬ初暦商賣繁昌目出たい〳〵

First of all, today is the first calendar, the same every year: your trade flourishing, congratulations, congratulations. So the 1923 edition, which rubies 今日 けふ and the four characters しやうばいはんじやう [17]. The chanters' print of 1715 writes けふ and めでたい in kana and rubies 商賣 しやうばい, shōbai [4]. In the last act, at New Year in Tanba, the 万歳 performers sing their blessing [18]:

若戎商ひ神と、現れ給ひて、商賣繁昌守らせ給ふは、誠に目出たふ候ひける

The young Ebisu appears as the god of trade and guards a thriving trade: that is truly a happy thing. Here the 1923 edition rubies the four characters あきなひはんじやう, akinai hanjō, and the god 商ひ神 あきながみ [18]. The same blessing song was printed in a Kyoto song book, 琴線和歌の糸, whose colophon reads the autumn of 1750 and its preface the spring of 1751, with 商賣神と祝はれ給ひて in place of the play's 商ひ神と現れ給ひて, so it travelled as a New Year song in its own right [19]. In the plays, then, the phrase is three times something said over a merchant: by a god's crier, by a mother on the calendar-maker's New Year, and by the young Ebisu himself.

1709–1710. Ryōkadō Onomaro 涼花堂斧麿, 當世誰が身の上. Within the same decade the phrase is also plain narrative, of a shop that simply did well. In this book of moral tales, whose preface is of 1709 and which was printed in 1710, a craftsman's household has prospered by hard work when his wife dies; it is the dead who lose, as the saying goes, and a house cannot do without a wife, so he takes a second one, and いよ〳〵商賣繁昌しけり, his trade thrived more and more [20]. Here no one pronounces the phrase over anyone; it is the storyteller's word for a business that prospers.

1784–1808. The preachers' list. The 心学 preachers, who taught townsmen an ethics of honest work, took the phrase as the stock item in what people ask the gods for. A primer of 1784, やしなひぐさ, under the heading 諸願成就, every prayer granted [21]:

世の人、神佛に詣でゝ稱ふるを聞けば、諸願成就といふ。其願は、家内安全、息災延命、商賣繁昌、惡事災難なきやうにとの祈りなり

Listen to what people say when they go to pray to the gods and Buddhas: "every prayer granted." The prayer is: the household safe, health and long life, a thriving trade, and no misfortune or disaster. The same sentence stands in the second part of Teshima Toan 手島堵庵's 為学玉箒, printed in 1808 [22].

1788. The shogunate, after a Kyoto fire. A town notice of the third month of 1788, after a fire in Kyoto, tells the merchants that timber and goods will sell freely and that they should not raise their prices, and makes the phrase the reward of honest dealing [23]:

聊欲心ニ不拘正路ニ商出候ハヽ天道ニ叶商賣繁昌いたし候儀ハ必然之道理

If you trade by the straight road, without the least greed, it is the plain way of things that you will accord with the Way of Heaven and your trade will thrive.

1794–1795. Nakazawa Dōni 中沢道二, 道二翁道話. The most widely read of the 心学 preachers turns the list against the people who pray it. In the first part of his collected sermons, whose preface is dated the winter of 1794 [5] and which the encyclopedias date to 1795 [24]:

商賣繁昌。家内安全。子孫長久そくさい延命〳〵と祈る内にも減る命

"A thriving trade, the household safe, descendants without end, health and long life, long life": they pray, and their life shortens even as they pray. The 1911 edition rubies the phrase しやうばいはんじやう [5]. Later parts of the same sermons give the remedy, that the man who keeps the plain duties of his station has prayed for all of these already, 此通りを勤めさへすりや。家内安全商賣繁昌子孫長久の御祈禱じや [5].

1836. Shibata Kyūō 柴田鳩翁, 続鳩翁道話. A later preacher mocks the merchant who claps his hands at the god-shelf as though calling carp: 影もかたちもない人が。子孫長久。商賣繁昌といふ, a man with no shape or form says, "descendants without end, a thriving trade" [25].

1841–1842. A domain survey, the Ebisu feast. The Hagi domain's survey of its towns, 防長風土注進案, ordered in 1841 and compiled from reports whose figures are mostly of 1842, describes the eleventh-month Ebisu feast in the market town of Miyaichi [26]. On the twentieth is Ebisu: every merchant house sets out offerings and sacred wine, prepares food and drink as its means allow, invites friends and acquaintances, 賑敷饗應して商賣繁昌を祈る, entertains them lavishly, and prays for a thriving trade; the fish-auction wholesalers above all keep it as a feast. The manuscript is in a running hand, and only the words quoted here are read character by character. This is the feast the national dictionary defines by the phrase, the 恵比須講 held by merchant houses 商売繁盛を祝って, to celebrate a thriving trade, which it dates from 1688 [27].

1851. Ryūtei Senka 笠亭仙果, a preface. Senka, who continued Ryūtei Tanehiko 柳亭種彦's serial picture-novel 牡丹園娘莊子, ends his preface of spring 1851 by naming the season when Ebisu's medicine, the old name of the herbaceous peony, and Lord Saburō, which is Ebisu, are worshipped, and writes it as a wish for a thriving trade, 商賣繁昌, ruby しやうばいはんじやう [28]. The phrase there is a New Year's word over a shop's goods, as it was in 1715.

About 1851. Kitagawa Morisada 喜田川守貞, the Osaka 十日恵比須. Morisada's notes on the customs of the three cities describe the Ebisu festival of the tenth day of the first month at the Imamiya shrine in Osaka at length: the fresh bamboo grass and the small treasures sold at the shrine, the treasures tied to a bamboo branch and set above the god-shelf, and the cry of the sellers [29]:

今日諸賣物ヲ賣ル詞ニ「毎年ノハマヽヨ 吉慶ノハマヽヨ 吉慶ノ吉慶ノ」ト云

On this day the words with which every seller sells his wares are "Every year's lucky arrow, oh! the lucky arrow of good fortune, oh! good fortune, good fortune!" Morisada, who lists what is sold and what is shouted, records no call of 商賣繁昌 [29].

Undated. The phrase in lists. Two undated items carry the phrase in the same company: a printed sheet of votive slips, its title panel 神社佛閣, with 天下泰平, 國土安全 and 子孫長久 beside 商賣繁昌 [30]; and the miscellany 桜田紅雪録, a manuscript in a cursive hand, which promises a house that it will surely be safe, healthy and long-lived and that its trade will thrive [31].

1862–1889. The phrase in print. In the printed sources of the 1860s the phrase is a description of a foreign place: the Batavia newspaper translated in 1862 says that in the British territory in Guangdong trade thrives, 商賣繁昌し, and arms above all sell at a high price [32]; Fukuzawa Yukichi 福沢諭吉's 西洋事情 of 1868, 其商賣繁昌シテ利潤多ケレハ, if their trade thrives and the profits are large [33], and his world geography in verse of 1869, 商賣繁昌の國 [34]. Fukuzawa's 文明論之概略 of 1875 is the dictionaries' example [1]. A letter-writing primer of 1874 glosses it for pupils, シヤウバイハンジヤウ [35]; the satirical weekly 團團珍聞 in 1877 mocks the shrine-goer who asks for everything at once, a thriving trade in one breath with the household's safety, health and long life, descendants without end, and safety from fire and theft [36]; and a formulary of Shinto prayers of 1880 gives a prayer headed 商賣繁昌 [37]. The lexicographers define the shop phrase 千客萬來 by it: Ōtsuki Fumihiko 大槻文彦's 言海 of 1889–1891, 商家ノ商賣繁昌ヲ祝ヒテ記ス語, a phrase written to celebrate a merchant house's thriving trade [38].

1882–1916. 繁盛 read hansei. Where the Meiji geographies write 商賣繁盛, their ruby reads 繁盛 hansei: a gazetteer of Tokyo for schools of 1882 [39], Suehiro Tetchō 末広鉄腸's travel novel of 1894, しやうばいはんせい [40], and a comic novel of 1916, 千客萬來ね、お蔭で商賣繁盛で結構ですわ, ruby しやうばいはんせい [41].

1930–1933. The Ebisu cry. The cry heard at the Ebisu festival today, written in modern form 商売繁盛で笹持って来い, a thriving trade: bring your bamboo grass!, is late in the National Diet Library's full text. A haiku of 1930 has the crowd at the Tenth-Day Ebisu chanting its second half, bring the bamboo grass [42]. The whole cry first appears there in 1932, in an acupuncturists' journal reporting the Osaka festival [43], and in 1933 a shopkeepers' magazine describes the shrine societies of the markets and the pleasure quarters shouting it at the top of their voices, and the bamboo carried home to be hung with charms [44]. The pages of all three are served only in Japan, so they are told here from the library's text and not quoted.

1946–2010. The character tables. The 当用漢字表 of 1946 has 繁 and 盛 and no 昌 [9]. The 当用漢字音訓表, adopted by the council in 1947, gives 盛 the readings セイ and ジョウ, with ジョウ marked as used only in limited words [10]. The 常用漢字表 of 2010 gives 盛 jō with the example 繁盛 and still does not include 昌 [11].

Today. The dictionaries define the phrase as a business going well and earning much, and the national dictionary's own example of the word is the prayer, 家内安全商売繁盛を祈る [1][2].

What is not a source. The 春秋左傳's 蕃昌, which the national dictionary sets beside 繁昌, is the diviner Xin Liao 辛廖's word for the increase of a lineage, 其必蕃昌, not of a trade [45]. The Chinese shop wish is 生意興隆, as in the novel 鏡花緣 [46]; Chinese prose has near forms such as 商賈繁盛 of a region's merchants, but the four characters 商賣繁昌 do not stand together in any premodern Chinese text searched for this history, on Chinese Wikisource, CBETA and the Kanripo corpus [46][47].

The phrase in English

1876. 英和商語集, a commercial phrasebook. Under custom, in the sense of a shop's clientele: Good run of custom, 商賣繁昌スル [12]. It is the earliest English for the phrase in the National Diet Library's full text, and it is a merchant's English.

1888. J. C. Hepburn, A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, fourth edition. HANJŌ ハンジヤウ 繁昌, Prosperity; a thriving, flourishing state, increasing in wealth and trade: — suru, to be prosperous; — na tochi, a busy, thriving place; and on the next page HANSEI ハンセイ 繁盛, Flourishing; thriving; (of trade; of a city) [7]. Hepburn heads the two spellings as two words, as the Meiji geographies read them.

1894. Lafcadio Hearn, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Among the prayers always said under the breath to a family's ancestral dead, after Kanai anzen, the phrase, printed Shōbai hanjo, with Hearn's gloss set in brackets, That our business may prosper, and his note, Said only by merchants and tradesmen [13]. It is the earliest English witness read for this history that keeps the phrase as a prayer, and it is a household prayer, not Ebisu's.

1896. F. Brinkley, An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary. Hanjō 繁昌, Prosperity, flourishing; thriving state; run of luck; continued success; increasing in wealth and trade, with the example Mise ga hanjō suru, the shop prospers [48].

1904. Satow, An English-Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language, third edition. Under flourish and prosper, hanjō s., of a town, business or house [49].

1915. Saitō Hidesaburō 斎藤秀三郎, Saito's Idiomological English-Japanese Dictionary. The phrase stands as the Japanese for two English trade idioms: Brisk trade, 商賣繁昌, and To do good business, 商賣繁昌する [50].

1918. Takenobu Yoshitarō 武信由太郎, Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary. Under hanjō: 商賣が繁昌する, The business comes on well [51].

1920. The Homiletic Review, "The Sway of Religion and Ritual in Business in Japan". The preachers' monthly quotes a missionary's letter from the magazine From Far Japan on a bank's morning service, where the staff stand together and 'Then they rub the edges of the ears downwards many times saying, "Shobai Hanjo," "Success to the business."', after Kanai anzen, Peace to the house [52]. It is the phrase as a chant said every morning over one's own work, in a modern bank.

1930. The Japan Christian Quarterly. In a list of the kinds of charm the shrines and temples sell, between protection on the sea and a big catch of fish: Shobai hanjo, prosperity in business [53].

1931. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, second edition. Under 繁昌: 商売繁昌, a prosperous (roaring, booming) trade [54]. The fourth edition of 1974 gives do a good (thriving) business [55].

2002. Garrison, Kimiya, Wallace and Goshi, Kodansha's Dictionary of Basic Japanese Idioms. shōbai-hanjō, "business is flourishing", with the 羽子板市's battledores bought to bring prosperity to their business and This shrine is dedicated to the god of prosperous business [56]. The god returns to an English dictionary only here, in an example sentence.

Today: JMdict gives thriving (prosperous) business; rush of business under all four spellings [14]. A thriving trade renders the phrase word for word, trade and its flourishing; what no English rendering carries is that the phrase was first a blessing spoken over someone else's trade, and a rendering that keeps it whole should be read as a wish.

A reading

The phrase is at least as old as a blessing as it is as a description, and the blessing is the thing to know about it. Its three earliest witnesses in the full texts searched say it over a merchant rather than of one: a god's crier promising the year, a mother-in-law on the calendar-maker's New Year, the young Ebisu in a song; a storybook of 1709 already uses it of a shop that simply did well. When the moral preachers of the late eighteenth century wanted to show what townsmen wanted from heaven, they reached for it first, and Dōni's line, that they pray and their life shortens as they pray, is the sharpest thing said about it on the record; the shogunate's answer in 1788 is the kinder one, that a thriving trade comes by the way of Heaven to the man who deals straight. Between those two the phrase settles where it has lived since: at the god-shelf, at the Ebisu feast, on the charm. The geographies of the 1860s and 1870s that use it of Guangdong and of foreign countries are the exception, and the English dictionaries, which have only rendered the turnover, took their sense from them. I read it as a wish, and as a wish made for someone: the right words for a shop's first day, as they were for the calendar-maker's. The Ebisu cry belongs to the phrase's later life and should be dated so; and the spelling with 昌, the one almost every witness here writes before 1946 (the Meiji hansei spellings aside), is the phrase's own.

Notes

References

  1. 「商売繁盛」, デジタル大辞泉 and 四字熟語を知る辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/商売繁盛-532942
  2. 「繁昌」, 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/繁昌-1578810
  3. 「商売」, 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/商売-532933
  4. 近松門左衛門, 大経師昔暦, 京 正本屋山本九兵衛, 1715, 上之巻, canvas 8; Osaka University Library, 笹野文庫 SASANO_037. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100446612
  5. 中沢道二, 道二翁道話, 1911, 初編 卷の上, scan 9; preface, scan 4. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/758829/1/9
  6. National Diet Library, NDL Lab full-text search of books digitized to about 1949: 商売繁昌, 商売繁盛. https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/fulltext
  7. J. C. Hepburn, A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, fourth edition, Maruya, Tokyo, 1888 (copyright 1886), pp. 134–135. Internet Archive japaneseenglishe00hepbuoft. https://archive.org/details/japaneseenglishe00hepbuoft/page/n175
  8. 「繁盛」, デジタル大辞泉 and 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/繁盛-606581
  9. 当用漢字表, 内閣告示第32号, 1946, at Wikisource. https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/当用漢字表
  10. 当用漢字音訓表, 国語審議会 答申, 1947, 犬部〜皿部, at the Agency for Cultural Affairs. https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kakuki/syusen/tosin04/16.html
  11. 常用漢字表, 内閣告示, 2010, at the Agency for Cultural Affairs. https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf
  12. 英和商語集, 1876, scan 12. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/870076/1/12
  13. Lafcadio Hearn, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, vol. 2, Houghton, Mifflin, Boston, 1894, "The Household Shrine", p. 414. Internet Archive glimpsesofunfami02hear. https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofunfami02hear/page/n89
  14. JMdict, 「商売繁盛」 (2047100). https://jisho.org/word/商売繁盛
  15. 成尋, 参天台五台山記 卷三, 熙寧五年十月八日, CBETA B32n0174, p. 367b21–22. https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/B32n0174_p0367b21
  16. 近松門左衛門, 用明天皇職人鑑, 第四, in 原作近松全集, 1923, scan 250. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/932855/1/250
  17. 近松門左衛門, 大経師昔暦, 上之巻, in 大近松全集, 1923, p. 450, scan 235. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/969897/1/235
  18. 近松門左衛門, 大経師昔暦, 下之巻, in 大近松全集, 1923, p. 476, scan 249. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/969897/1/249
  19. 高野辰之 編, 日本歌謡集成 卷7, 1929, 琴線和歌の糸, scan 185; the editor's 解題, scan 15. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1176602/1/185
  20. 涼花堂斧麿, 當世誰が身の上, 卷之六, preface 1709, in 珍本全集 下卷, 博文館, 1895, scan 506. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1882915/1/506
  21. やしなひぐさ, 前編, 1784, in 心学道話全集 第五卷, 1928, scan 152; 解題, scan 6. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1913314/1/152
  22. 手島堵庵, 為学玉箒, 後篇, 1808, in 心学道話全集 第四卷, 1928, scan 161. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1913304/1/161
  23. 徳川禁令考, 巻之五十一, 天明八申年三月 京都火災ニ付町觸, 1894–1895, scans 8–9. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/787016/1/8
  24. 「道二翁道話」, 日本大百科全書 (ニッポニカ) and 改訂新版 世界大百科事典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/道二翁道話-1189168
  25. 柴田鳩翁, 続鳩翁道話, 三之下, 1836, in an edition of 1886, scans 134–135. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/758738/1/134
  26. 防長風土注進案, 周防国, 三田尻宰判 宮市, manuscript copy, scan 105. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2560814/1/105; dated from 「防長風土注進案」, ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 and 日本大百科全書 (ニッポニカ), at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/防長風土注進案-132308
  27. 「恵比須講」, 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/恵比須講-446046
  28. 柳亭種彦 作, 笠亭仙果 編述, 牡丹園娘莊子 第二編上, 松林堂, preface 1851, scan 28. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/8943109/1/28
  29. 喜田川守貞, 守貞謾稿, 巻26, 正月十日大坂今宮村戎社詣, manuscript, scan 25. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2592412/1/25
  30. 千社札, undated printed sheet, title panel 神社佛閣, scan 12. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2575066/1/12
  31. 小寺玉晁, 桜田紅雪録, undated manuscript, scan 40 (cursive; told, not quoted). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2562418/1/40
  32. バタヒヤ新聞, 1862, scan 3. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/9366502/1/3
  33. 福沢諭吉, 西洋事情, 1868, scan 27. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/993191/1/27
  34. 福沢諭吉, 世界国尽, 1869, scan 9. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/761280/1/9
  35. 開化小学用文, 1874, scan 63. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/995174/1/63
  36. 團團珍聞, 21 July 1877, National Diet Library pid 11209967 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/11209967
  37. 諸祭祝詞文例, 1880, scan 19. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/815464/1/19
  38. 大槻文彦, 言海, 1889–1891, s.v. 千客萬來, scan 353. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992954/1/353
  39. 大久保忠保 編, 東京府地理教授本字引, 1882, scan 9. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/764191/1/9
  40. 末広鉄腸, 唖の旅行, 1894, scan 64. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/885624/1/64
  41. 奥野他見男, おへその宙返り, 1916, scan 151. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/914766/1/151
  42. 懸葵, March 1930, National Diet Library pid 1470487 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1470487
  43. 日本鍼灸雑誌, February 1932, National Diet Library pid 1760913 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1760913
  44. 商店界, March 1933, National Diet Library pid 2250205 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2250205
  45. 春秋左氏傳, 閔公元年, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/春秋左氏傳/閔公
  46. 鏡花緣, 第十三回, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/鏡花緣/第013回
  47. 李心傳, 建炎以來繫年要錄, 卷101, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/建炎以來繫年要錄/卷101
  48. F. Brinkley, F. Nanjō and Y. Iwasaki, An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary, Sanseidō, Tokyo, 1896, pp. 296–297, scan 167. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/903159/1/167
  49. Ernest Mason Satow and Ishibashi Masakata, An English-Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language, third edition, revised by E. M. Hobart-Hampden and H. G. Parlett, Kelly & Walsh, Yokohama, 1904, s.v. flourish, prosper. Internet Archive englishjapanesed00satouoft. https://archive.org/details/englishjapanesed00satouoft
  50. Saitō Hidesaburō, Saito's Idiomological English-Japanese Dictionary, S.E.G. Publishing Department, Tokyo, 1915, s.v. brisk, business; read at the leaf in the printing of 1918, pp. 124 and 130, Internet Archive saitosidiomologi008800_0. https://archive.org/details/saitosidiomologi008800_0/page/n141
  51. 武信由太郎『武信和英大辭典』, Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary, 研究社, Tokyo, 1918, s.v. hanjō, scan 226. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1681541/1/226
  52. "The Sway of Religion and Ritual in Business in Japan", The Homiletic Review, vol. 80, no. 1, July 1920. Internet Archive homiletic-review_1920-07_80_1. https://archive.org/details/homiletic-review_1920-07_80_1
  53. The Japan Christian Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 3, July 1930, p. 218. Internet Archive japanchristianqu0005whmu. https://archive.org/details/japanchristianqu0005whmu
  54. Takenobu Yoshitarō, ed., Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, second edition, 1931; American edition, Harvard University Press, 1942, photolithographed from the eighty-second printing of 1939, s.v. hanjō.
  55. Koh Masuda, ed., Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fourth edition, Kenkyūsha, 1974, s.v. shōbai.
  56. Jeff Garrison, Kayoko Kimiya, George Wallace and Masahiko Goshi, Kodansha's Dictionary of Basic Japanese Idioms, Kodansha International, 2002, s.v. shōbai-hanjō.
  57. 中沢道二, 道二翁道話, in 心学道話全集 第六卷, 1927, 解題, scan 5. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1913324/1/5

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

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