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千日の稽古を鍛とし、万日の稽古を錬とす sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine

千日の稽古を鍛とし、万日の稽古を錬とす (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su) closes the Water scroll of Musashi's Book of Five Rings. It takes the word 鍛錬, hard training, apart: a thousand days of practice is the forging, ten thousand days the refining. This study follows the line through the copies and into the motto it became.

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Japanese Scroll of A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su) — Calligraphy by Eri Takase
A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine千日の稽古を鍛とし、万日の稽古を錬とすsennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su

Original art by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase

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Abstract

千日の稽古を鍛とし、万日の稽古を錬とす, a thousand days of practice is 鍛, ten thousand days of practice is 錬, is the closing sentence of the Water scroll, 水之巻, of Miyamoto Musashi 宮本武蔵's 五輪書 (1643–1645), and it takes 鍛錬, a word the dictionaries record before him for forging metal and for hard training, and gives each of its two characters a span of days. Musashi's own manuscript is lost; the line stands in every copy read for this history but one, whose copyist skipped a clause, the copies divide between 錬, refining metal, and 練, refining silk, and a school recension of his thirty-five articles, under a colophon of 1666, borrows it into its last paragraph. Printed from 1909, it was quoted among famous men's sayings by 1929 and served as a slogan of training in the war years; from 1944 it was given a span in years, thirty and then three, and by the 1980s, in the National Diet Library's full text, it carried a third clause, the bout is decided in an instant. I read the line as Musashi's gloss on a word his readers already used, and the copies' two characters as two images of one refining.

Overview

The sense. The dictionaries give 鍛錬 two live senses. デジタル大辞泉: １ 金属を打ってきたえること。 ２ きびしい訓練や修養を積んで、技芸や心身を強くきたえること, 1 to forge metal by beating it; 2 to strengthen one's art, mind and body by hard training and discipline. 精選版 日本国語大辞典 gives the same two, its first example of the metal sense from 1474 and of the training sense from a Japanese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary of 1595 and Saikaku in 1694, and a third, from the Chinese 漢書, of a cruel official building a false charge [1]. The line is the 五輪書's: the encyclopedias date the book 1643 to 1645 and say Musashi's own manuscript does not survive [2]. No dictionary at kotobank has the line as a headword.

The words. 千日 and 万日 (萬日 in the old form) are a thousand days and ten thousand days; 日本国語大辞典 records 千日 already before Musashi as a span of religious devotion, 千日の修行, in the 12th-century 山家集, and, for one temple's rule, as three years in 1773 [3]. 稽古 is practice, used especially of the martial and performing arts [4]. 鍛 is smithing: 字通 quotes 説文, 小冶なり. 錬 is heating metal to drive off its dross: 金を治むるなり. 練 is boiled silk, thread heated to soften it: 湅りたる繒なり [5]. X を Y とす is to take X as Y, to call X Y. The line is a definition: a thousand days of practice is what 鍛 means, ten thousand what 錬 means.

The text in English. The first English translation, Victor Harris's of 1974, does not have the line [6]. Later translators render the pair as training and refinement (Thomas Cleary, 1993) [7], develop and polish (Kenji Tokitsu, 2004) [8], temper and refine (William Scott Wilson, 2004) [9], forge and refine (Alexander Bennett, 2018) [10]. The first on the house's shelf to say that the line divides the word 鍛錬 is Hiroaki Sato, in 1995 [11].

The historical record

Before Musashi: the word. 鍛錬 and its variant spellings 鍛練 and 鍛煉 are older than the 五輪書 in both senses. 日本国語大辞典 dates the metal sense from 1474 and the training sense from 1595; no entry read cites the 五輪書 [1]. 字通 traces the compound to the Chinese 周礼, 鍛練して器を作る, forging and refining to make vessels [5]. Before the line divided the word, the word was in use.

1643 to 1645. Miyamoto Musashi, the 五輪書. The book's preface dates its start to the tenth month of 1643; the copies date its five scrolls to the fifth month of 1645, shortly before Musashi's death, and address them to his pupil Terao Magonojō 寺尾孫之丞 [2][12]. Musashi's own manuscript does not survive, and 日本大百科全書 names as the best copy a scroll Terao passed to 山本源介 in 1667, now in the 永青文庫 of the Hosokawa family [2]. The line closes the Water scroll, after the advice to win today over yesterday's self and to keep to the teaching whatever enemy one beats: 然る上は劒術の智力にて、大分一分の兵法をも得道すべし、千日の稽古を鍛とし萬日の稽古を鍊とす、能々吟味有べきもの也, and then, by the wisdom of swordsmanship, you will master strategy large and small. A thousand days of practice is forging, ten thousand days of practice is refining. Consider this well, as the 1909 print gives it [12].

The copies. 播磨武蔵研究会, a research group, transcribes twenty-three copies of the Water scroll's close on its website; all but one carry both clauses [13]. Of the imaged copies only one is online, at the 国書データベース, and it is that one: a copy in the 狩野文庫 of 東北大学, in which the line reads 千日之稽古を練とす能々可有吟味者也, a thousand days of practice is 練; consider this well, one clause where the others have two [14]. The copyist's eye went from the first 稽古を to the second, and 鍛とし萬日之稽古を fell out. The same group transcribes the copies it groups under 筑前 and 越後 mostly with 錬, and every copy it groups under 肥後, the Kumamoto line, with 練, the Hosokawa scroll among them [13]. That is one instrument, a transcription, not a set of images. The first print, of April 1909, was set from a copy that is very probably the Hosokawa scroll, and it writes the metal radical (below) [12]; a second print of the same year writes 練 [15]. The transcription and the first print disagree, and the scroll itself is not online.

1666. A school recension of the thirty-five articles. 『二刀一流剣道秘要』, a collection of Musashi's writings with notes by 三橋鑑一郎, printed in Kyoto in September 1909, gives under the title 兵法五法之巻 a recension of Musashi's thirty-five articles on strategy, dated in its own date line to 1641, whose last paragraph is the Water scroll's close carried into the articles, ending 千日ノ稽古ヲ鍛トシ萬日ノ修行ヲ練トス、能々工夫アルベキ者也 / 右四十二ヶ條, a thousand days of practice is 鍛, ten thousand days of training is 練; work at this well. The above, forty-two articles [15]. Its colophon is signed by Terao Magonojō's younger brother, 寺尾求馬信行 (Kumenosuke or Motomenosuke as the English books read him), and dated 1666, and the editor's headnote takes the text for one Musashi wrote out himself for 寺尾求馬 [15]. Tokitsu writes that he added seven instructions to the Hyoho sanju go kajo [8]; Bennett, following 魚住孝至, that he added four more articles which he took from Heihō-kakitsuke and Gorin-no-sho [10]; 播磨武蔵研究会 argues that the expanded articles are a document of the Kumamoto line ascribed to Musashi after his death, though one that もともと五輪書の解釈から発したもの, grew out of reading the 五輪書 [16]. The thirty-five articles as printed in 1909 and 1915 do not carry the line [12][17]. So its place here is a reading of the 五輪書, not a source for it; the 1666 colophon is the earliest date any witness of the line carries, on a recension printed in 1909.

1909. The first print. 宮本武蔵遺蹟顕彰会, a society raised to honor Musashi, printed the 五輪書 in its 『宮本武蔵』, issued in April 1909 by its colophon, the book's first print as Bennett gives it [12][10], from a copy then held by a 前田 family of 玉名郡 in Higo, every scroll's colophon addressed from Terao to 山本源介 in 1667 [12]. The book judges the copy to be in Musashi's own hand, 五輪書は武藏自筆の物今に存せり [12]; 日本大百科全書 says the autograph does not survive, and the colophons it prints are a disciple's [2]. Its line writes 鍊 with the metal radical: on the same page the Fire scroll writes 鍛煉 with the fire radical, and the two differ at the radical [12]. The book itself writes the compound both 鍛鍊 and 鍛煉 within the 五輪書, the two on one page of the Water scroll [12]. In September the 『二刀一流剣道秘要』 printed the Water scroll in katakana with 練: 千日ノ稽古ヲ鍛トシ萬日ノ稽古ヲ練トス、能ク〳〵吟味アルベキモノナリ, and its editor follows the line with his own commentary [15].

1915. The other line of copies. 『武術叢書』, edited by 吉丸一昌 for 国書刊行会, set its 五輪書 from the copy handed down from Musashi's pupil 古橋惣左衛門, collated against another, and prints 千日の稽古を鍛とし萬日のけいこを鍊とす [17]. Its preface says the 五輪書 then known came in two lines, from 古橋 and from 寺尾 [17]. 山田次郎吉's 『續劍道集義』 of 1923 reprints this text and its notes word for word [18]. Iwanami's edition of 1942, edited by 高柳光壽 from the Hosokawa line, writes the second clause with 練 [19].

1929 to 1944. A saying, then a slogan. The oldest quotation outside an edition in the National Diet Library's full text, searched to 1970 in October 2026, is in 『三百三十三名家洗心道場』 of 1929, a book of sayings of famous men [20]. In the war years the line served the doctrine of 錬成, training to form the national subject: 菅原兵治 put it under a heading that runs from forging to refining in 1942 [21]; a book on youth schools of 1943 makes formation the heart of every discipline and quotes the line from the sword saint Miyamoto Musashi's book of five rings [22]; the government's weekly 『週報』 printed it in 1944 [23].

1944 to 1954. The years. 『定本国民座右銘』, a book of mottoes for the nation issued by 日本文学報国会 in 1944, glosses ten thousand days as about thirty years: 萬日卽ち約三十年の稽古を以て僅かに鍊と許したのである, only practice of ten thousand days, that is about thirty years, did he allow to be called refining [24]. A middle-school homeroom guide of 1953 says that ten thousand days is about thirty years [25], and the police journal 『自警』 in 1954 that a thousand days comes close to three years and ten thousand days to thirty [26].

1953 to 1970. The modern characters, and wider use. The sold form's characters, 万 and 錬, appear in the full text from 1953, in a handbook of air-rifle shooting [27]. In 1957 the same preface stands in every volume of a series of university-entrance review books, which tells its readers that Musashi, they say, polished his swordsmanship day and night, taking a thousand days of practice as forging and ten thousand as refining [28]. A book of sayings for salesmen of 1962 prints a hundred days for ten thousand in the second clause, and the slip ran through the business press to 1968 [29].

1975. Kyokushin's variant. Ōyama Masutatsu 大山倍達 gave the training of his karate school, 極真, as a thousand days making a beginner and ten thousand days making mastery, by 1975 [30], and his followers gave it as the meaning of the school's name [31]. In English, in 1981: One of my mottos is this: A person is still a beginner for a thousand days; he finds the truth after ten thousand days of practice [32]. The days stay; 鍛 and 錬 are gone.

1981 to 1991. The third clause. By the 1980s the line had gained a clause about the bout. The oldest in the National Diet Library's full text, searched to 2000 in October 2026, is a politician's motto in 1981, training a thousand days, the bout an instant, which he wrote on his cards and in 1990 called words of bushidō [33]. In 1984 the baseball coach of 池田高校, 蔦文也, is in print with a form of the same pairing under his signature [34]; a book of 1986 has him gloss forging as the thousand and refining as the ten thousand [35], and in 1991 a baseball weekly that the thousand days stood for the three years of high school [36]. Pascal Krieger's book on jōdō, which dates its own present to 1989, prints a hanging scroll captioned Calligraphy by Kuroda Sensei, 鍛者千日之行 / 錬者萬日之行 / 勝負者一瞬, with the English In Budô, it takes one thousand days to learn (the technique), ten thousand days to polish it; the difference between victory and defeat is a matter of fractions of a second, which it calls a Japanese saying [37]. A school blog of 2025 credits the clause to 蔦 [38]; the clause is in print three years before his name in the full text, and where it began is not found.

1974 to 2018. The English. Harris's translation of 1974, the English most readers met first, ends the Water scroll at What remains is sword-fighting ability, which you can attain in battles and duels and goes on to the date [6]; his reprint of 2020, and an e-text of 2010 that prints his translation without his name, are the same. His source is not named in the book. Sato, translating from Watanabe Ichirō's Iwanami edition of 1985, writes I call practicing for a thousand days tan, "training," practicing for ten thousand days ren, "discipline," and notes Musashi here divides into two the word tanren, which means "discipline, drill" [11]. Cleary has a thousand days of practice for training and ten thousand days of practice for refinement [7]; Tokitsu, from the 1942 edition, romanizes the line Sen nichi no keiko o tan to shi, man nichi no keiko o ren to su and renders it A thousand days of training to develop, ten thousand days of training to polish [8]; Wilson, temper yourself with one thousand days of practice, and refine yourself with ten thousand days of training [9]; Bennett, from 魚住's text, One thousand days of training to forge, ten thousand days of training to refine [10]. Bennett also recalls the line on a scroll in his high-school kendō dōjō, chanted after practice with a third clause: But a bout is decided in less than a second (2015) [39], in a split second (2018) [10].

A reading

Musashi did not coin a saying; he glossed a word. 鍛錬 was already how one spoke of training hard, and his sentence tells a student that the two characters are two lengths of time: the forging that a thousand days of practice gives, and the refining that only ten thousand give. The days are not a schedule. 千日 was a span of devotion before him, and 万日 is ten times it; the point is that refining is the larger, slower work. The copies' 錬 and 練 are two images of that refining, metal driven clean of its dross and silk boiled soft, and the dictionaries enter 鍛錬 and 鍛練 as one word; neither copy errs, and I do not choose between them for the meaning. What the line said changed after Musashi. A school recension took it into a list of articles, the war took it for a slogan of formation, the war and the years after it turned its days into years, and by the 1980s it carried a third clause, about the instant of the bout, that Musashi's sentence does not have and that turns it from patience toward readiness. Signed, 典.

Notes

The dates in the 1909 print. Its colophons give Terao's handing-on as 寛文七年二月五日, the second month, where 日本大百科全書 gives the fifth [12][2]; this history gives the year only. Its Water scroll dates Musashi's address to the thirteenth day where every copy the 播磨 group transcribes has the twelfth [12][13].

Harris's twelfth day. Harris dates the Water scroll to the twelfth day of the fifth month [6], the date in every copy the 播磨 group transcribes [13]; it says nothing about which copy he used.

1965. A writer in 『神道宗教』 quotes the forty-two-article form as from the 兵法五法の巻 [40], the title under which the 『二刀一流剣道秘要』 of 1909 prints it [15].

Japanese Scrolls by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase

Japanese Scroll of A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su) in a block font by Master Japanese Calligrapher Eri Takase
千日の稽古を鍛とし万日の稽古を錬とすVB5JBlock
Japanese Scroll of A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su) in a cursive font by Master Japanese Calligrapher Eri Takase
千日の稽古を鍛とし万日の稽古を錬とすVC5JCursive
Japanese Scroll of A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su) in Master Japanese Calligrapher Eri Takase's own style (jiun)
千日の稽古を鍛とし万日の稽古を錬とすVD5JJiun
Japanese Scroll of A Thousand Days to Forge, Ten Thousand to Refine (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su) in a semi-cursive font by Master Japanese Calligrapher Eri Takase
千日の稽古を鍛とし万日の稽古を錬とすVS5JSemi-Cursive

Sources not seen

The Hosokawa scroll itself, in the 永青文庫, deposited at 熊本大学; it is not online, and viewing it needs the university library's procedures. It would settle whether the scroll writes 練, as 播磨武蔵研究会 transcribes it, or 鍊, as the 1909 print sets it.

松延市次, 『五輪書』四本対校一覧 : 細川家本楠家本富永家本田村家本, a collation of four copies, recorded in CiNii (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BC16257773).

魚住孝至, 「『五輪書』の最古写本の発見」 and 「『五輪書』の写本研究」, 武道・スポーツ科学研究所年報 3 (1998), recorded in CiNii (https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571698601709746944); and his 『定本 五輪書』 (2005), the text Bennett translates.

Victor Harris's source text for his 1974 translation, unnamed in the book.

Robert Whiting, You Gotta Have Wa (1989), Keiji Tomiyama, Fundamentals of Karate-do (1990), and Mike Lorden, Oyama: The Legend, the Legacy (2000), each carrying an English form of the line, at the Internet Archive as lending copies only.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

  1. 「鍛錬」, デジタル大辞泉・精選版日本国語大辞典・字通, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/鍛錬-564837
  2. 「五輪書」, 日本大百科全書 (渡邉一郎), 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (中林信二), デジタル大辞泉, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/五輪書-66594
  3. 「千日」 and 「万日」, 精選版日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/千日-550956 · https://kotobank.jp/word/万日-1596742
  4. 「稽古」, 精選版日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/稽古-488385
  5. 「鍛」, 「錬」, 「練」, 字通, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/鍛-563592 · https://kotobank.jp/word/錬-661996 · https://kotobank.jp/word/練-661992
  6. Miyamoto Musashi, A Book of Five Rings, translated by Victor Harris, The Overlook Press, Woodstock, 1974, the close of the Water Book, read on the house's shelf in the Overlook paperback of 1982; the reprint of 2020 (Arcturus, London) and an e-text of 2010 (MobileReference, Boston) that prints the translation unsigned, read on the house's shelf.
  7. Miyamoto Musashi, The Book of Five Rings, translated by Thomas Cleary, Shambhala, 1993, the close of the Water Scroll, read on the house's shelf in the printings of 2005 (Boulder) and 2011 (Boston).
  8. Kenji Tokitsu, Miyamoto Musashi: His Life and Writings, Shambhala, Boston, 2004 (from the French of 2000), the close of the Water scroll and the chapter on the Terao brothers, read on the house's shelf.
  9. William Scott Wilson, The Lone Samurai: The Life of Miyamoto Musashi, Kodansha International, Tokyo, 2004, read on the house's shelf.
  10. Alexander Bennett, The Complete Musashi: The Book of Five Rings and Other Works, Tuttle, North Clarendon, 2018, the introduction, the close of the Water scroll and the notes to Heihō Sanjūgo-kajō, read on the house's shelf.
  11. Hiroaki Sato, Legends of the Samurai, 1995, the Water chapter and its note 11, read on the house's shelf in the Konecky & Konecky edition (Old Saybrook), published by arrangement with The Overlook Press.
  12. 宮本武蔵遺蹟顕彰会 編, 『宮本武蔵』, 金港堂書籍, Tokyo, April 1909, scans 119–120 (the close of the Water scroll and its colophon; 鍛煉 and 鍛鍊 on scan 119), scan 97 (the headnote on the source), scans 32 and 84 (the autograph claim), scan 147 (the book's colophon), at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992019/1/120
  13. 播磨武蔵研究会, 『五輪書』 読解, the close of the Water scroll and the variant readings of twenty-three copies. https://musasi.siritai.net/themusasi2/gorin/g207.html · https://musasi.siritai.net/themusasi2/gorin/gv02.html
  14. 二天一流五倫巻, manuscript, 東北大学附属図書館 狩野文庫, canvas 57, at the 国書データベース. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100331651/57
  15. 宮本武蔵 著, 三橋鑑一郎 補注, 『二刀一流剣道秘要』, 武徳誌発行所, Kyoto, 1909, scan 41 (the close of the Water scroll), scan 71 (the title 兵法五法之巻 and the editor's headnote), scans 79–80 (the close of the forty-two articles and the colophon), in the National Diet Library's viewer. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/860425/1/79
  16. 播磨武蔵研究会, 『五輪書』 解題, the section on the 肥後兵法書. https://musasi.siritai.net/themusasi2/gorin/g00.html
  17. 吉丸一昌 校訂, 『武術叢書』, 国書刊行会, 1915, scan 134 (the close of the Water scroll), scan 5 (the preface on the two lines of copies), scans 123–126 (the thirty-five articles), at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/945805/1/134
  18. 山田次郎吉 編, 『續劍道集義』, 1923, p. 366, scan 195, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/970374/1/195
  19. 宮本武蔵 著, 高柳光壽 校訂, 『五輪書』, 岩波書店, 1942, recorded in the National Diet Library's full text (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1872380
  20. 日本新聞社 編, 『三百三十三名家洗心道場』, 1929 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1121717
  21. 菅原兵治 著, 『素朴なるもの』, 1942 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1039733
  22. 弘津徹也 著, 『青年学校教育原論』, 1943, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1277139
  23. 情報局 編, 『週報』, 1944 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1595062
  24. 日本文学報国会 編, 『定本国民座右銘』, 1944, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1039842
  25. 加藤秀男 等著, 『私たちの生活設計 : 中学校ホームルームの手引』, 1953 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3042075
  26. 警視庁警務部教養課 編, 『自警』, 1954 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2706595
  27. 日本ライフル射撃協会 編, 『オリンピックへ通ずる空気銃のハンドブック』, 1953 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2464169
  28. 魚返正 編, 『解析2の完全整理』, 旺文社, 1957 (snippet view, National Diet Library); the same preface in the series' other volumes. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2430620
  29. ダイヤモンド社セールス編集部 編, 『セールス名言集』, 1962 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2497665
  30. 大山倍達 著, 『極真空手世界を征く : 心技攻防のすべて』, 講談社, 1975, and 『オール大衆』, 1975, 大山倍達 speaking (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12141316 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2246945
  31. 『わが師大山倍達 : 1200万人への道』, 1990 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/13164943
  32. Kick Illustrated 7, no. 1, January 1981, CFW Enterprises, a first-person article on Kyokushin, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/kick-illustrated-vol.-07-no.-01-january-1981-cfw-enterrpises-usa
  33. 『月刊新自由クラブ』, 1981; 『月刊官界』, 1982; 『日本の官庁 : その人と組織』, 1990, on 伊藤公介 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1391705 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2837705 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12658328
  34. 『連覇への道 : 徳島県立池田高等学校野球部史』, 1984, and 篠宮幸男 著, 『負けからの出発 : 池田高校野球部蔦監督の素顔』, 1984 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12172487 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12172486
  35. 『いっとじゅっけん』, 1986 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2857773
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  37. Pascal Krieger, Jodô: La voie du bâton / The Way of the Stick, Geneva, 1989 (the foreword signed spring 1988; the text counts 1989 as the present), the page with Kuroda sensei's scroll, read at the page image, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/jodo-la-voie-du-baton-the-way-of-the-stick-krieger-pascal/page/n103
  38. 篠岡, 「【高校校長ブログ】vol.５「鍛錬千日　勝負一瞬」」, 履正社中学校・高等学校, 29 May 2025. https://riseisha.ed.jp/blog/2025052912764/
  39. Alexander C. Bennett, Kendo: Culture of the Sword, University of California Press, Oakland, 2015, the introduction, read on the house's shelf.
  40. 『神道宗教』, 1965 (snippet view, National Diet Library). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12530670

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios, LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

Not yet reviewed.

Cite as: Tim Jackowski and Ten, "Philology of 千日の稽古を鍛とし、万日の稽古を錬とす (sennichi no keiko o tan to shi, mannichi no keiko o ren to su)," Takase Studios, 2026, https://takase.com/library/philology/sennichi-no-keiko-o-tan-to-shi-mannichi-no-keiko-o-ren-to-su.