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Home › Library › Philology › Plow When It Is Fine, Read When It Rains — a life of unhurried ease, out in the fields on fine days and at home with a book on rainy ones

晴耕雨読 seikō udoku Plow When It Is Fine, Read When It Rains — a life of unhurried ease, out in the fields on fine days and at home with a book on rainy ones

晴耕雨読 (seikō udoku) is plowing when it is fine and reading when it rains, a life of unhurried ease. The ideal is the old Chinese one of the scholar who farms; the four characters first stand as the name of a pupil's country house in a Japanese poet's quatrain of 1845–1848, and in Meiji they became the life of the man who leaves office for the farm.

Abstract

晴耕雨読, seikō udoku, is four characters for a life divided by the weather, plow the fields when it is fine and read at home when it rains; the ideal of the scholar who farms is Chinese and old, but in every record searched for this history the four characters are Japanese. They first stand as the name of a pupil's country house in a quatrain by the Kyoto poet Yanagawa Seigan 梁川星巌, written between 1845 and 1848 and printed in 1863, a poem that names its own Chinese model, Han Yu 韓愈's scholar who plowed at dawn and read at night. Through the Meiji period the phrase was a name for a study or a hall, then a way of life, and above all the life of a man who has left office for the farm: a retirement phrase from its first prose uses, long before the dictionaries dated it to 1938, and already doubted by a novelist in 1946. When it reached English in 1951 it arrived already called the ideal of a civilized man since 2,000 years ago in China and in Japan, which is the belief the record does not bear out.

Overview

The sense. One sense in the Japanese dictionaries: to plow the fields on fine days and stay in and read on rainy ones, and so to live a life of unhurried ease, 悠々自適 [1]. The national dictionary's first example is from 1938, and none of the dictionaries gives a Chinese source [1]. In use the phrase has three faces, which the record below takes in turn: a name for a room or a house, a picture of the scholar-farmer's balanced day, and the life of a man retired from office. The third has carried it from the first Meiji prose to the retirement essays of today.

The words. 晴 is fine weather; 耕 is to plow; 雨 is rain; 讀 (modern 読) is to read. The four make two pairs of two, weather and work, and the phrase is often written inverted, 雨讀晴耕, where verse wants the rhyme. Meiji ruby spells it in the historical kana, せいかううど…, in 1873 [2], and by its sound, セーコウ…, in a school book of 1879 [3]; romanized, seikō udoku, and used as a verb with suru [1].

The text in English. The Meiji bilingual dictionaries do not carry the phrase: not Hepburn in 1867, 1872 or 1888, not Brinkley in 1896, nor Inouye in 1909, Takenobu in 1918 or Kenkyūsha in its edition of 1931 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The earliest English rendering the Internet Archive's full text finds is a painter's letter of 1951 [11], and the earliest dictionary entry among those read here is Nelson's of 1962, working in fair weather and reading in wet [12]. JMdict today gives working in the field in fine weather and reading at home in rainy weather and living in quiet retirement dividing time between work and intellectual pursuits [13].

The historical record

Han. 兒寬, who read at the plow. The Chinese ideal behind the phrase is the poor scholar who works the land and studies in the gaps. The history of the Han says of Ni Kuan 兒寬 that he hired himself out as a laborer and 帶經而鉏，休息輒讀誦, took the classic with him as he hoed, and read it aloud whenever he rested [14].

Northern Wei. 崔光. The history of the Wei says of Cui Guang 崔光 that, his family being poor and he fond of learning, 晝耕夜誦，傭書以養父母, he plowed by day and recited by night, and copied books for hire to keep his parents [15].

Tang. Han Yu, 嗟哉董生行. Han Yu's song for Dong Shaonan 董邵南, a man of 壽州 who lived as a recluse, whom the prefect never recommended and of whom the emperor never heard, is the model the first Japanese witness names. Its center [16]:

嗟哉董生朝出耕，夜歸讀古人書。盡日不得息。

Ah, Dong! At dawn he goes out to plow, at night he comes home to read the books of the ancients. All day he gets no rest. Han Yu's preface sending Dong north, 送董邵南序, adds that he 舉進士，連不得誌於有司, sat the examinations and failed again and again before the officials [17]. The farmer who reads is here a man of filial virtue passed over for office: day and night, not fine and rain.

Tang. 殷堯藩, a farewell. One Tang line brings rain, reading and plowing into seven characters. Yin Yaofan 殷堯藩, seeing Liu Yuxi 劉禹錫 off to his post at Lianzhou, promises him a hermit's pleasures there: 此去定知償隱趣，石田春雨讀書耕, where you go you will surely have your hermit's joys: stony fields, spring rain, reading and plowing [18]. The four characters do not stand together in it, nor in any Chinese text searched for this history.

1845–1848. Yanagawa Seigan, a quatrain for a pupil's country house. The earliest 晴耕雨讀 in the National Diet Library's full text, and in none of the Chinese and Korean databases searched, is the name of a house. Yanagawa Seigan 梁川星巌 (1789–1858), a poet in Chinese, wrote a quatrain for the country house of his pupil Shibuya Ryūko 澁谷柳湖, of Nakayama in the Izushi district of Tajima, which was called 晴耕雨讀村莊, the Clear-Plow Rain-Read Cottage. The title and the poem, as the posthumous collection prints them [19]:

寄題澁谷一甫晴耕雨讀村莊　一甫名伴貫號柳湖但州出石郡中山人 趁晴耒影日當午。和雨書聲更過三。好把何人比之子。昌黎集裏董邵南。

Sent to be written up at Shibuya Ippo's Clear-Plow Rain-Read Cottage (Ippo's name is Tomotsura, his sobriquet Ryūko; he is of Nakayama in the Izushi district of Tajima). Following the fine weather, the plow's shadow at noon; with the rain, the sound of reading past the third watch. To whom should I compare this man? Dong Shaonan, in the works of Changli. Changli 昌黎 is Han Yu. The poem recasts Han Yu's day and night as fine weather and rain, and says where it got the figure. Its date comes from the books. Seigan's collected verse to 1845, the 戊集 of his 星巌集, is dated in the heads of its four books, from the eleventh month of 1839 to the sixth month of 1845, and the poem is not in it [20]. The posthumous collection, cut in 1863, says of itself that everything in it comes after the 戊集, 斯集咸係戊集後篇什, and that it keeps the earlier collections' order by year, 其序次一沿前集編年之例; the poem stands in its third book, before the book named for the 黄葉山房, the house Seigan moved to at the end of 1848 [19][21]. So it was written between mid-1845 and late 1848, and Itō Shin 伊藤信's life of Seigan sets it in the stretch before that move, with the poem on a painting, 越溪紅葉圖, that the collection prints just before it [21]. Itō lists Ryūko among Seigan's disciples [21].

1870. 三雲集, a studio in the 鱸 house. The next witness is again a room. A guest in the 鱸 family's house writes, in a collection whose preface the library's record dates 1870, 余之寓于鱸氏也。晨則讀于晴耕雨讀齋、倦則遊于三島窟、夕則飲于懷人詩屋、醉則臥于雪月嬋娟處, while I lodged with the 鱸 family, in the mornings I read in the Clear-Plow Rain-Read Studio, when tired I strolled in the Three-Islands Grotto, in the evenings I drank in the Hall for Poems to Absent Friends, and when drunk I slept in the place of Snow, Moon and Beauty, and gives each room a quatrain [22]. The studio's quatrain is a rainy day:

地暖土騷肥野蔬。時看老圃帶雲鋤。鳥雀呼晴晴不得。一簾微雨讀農書。

The ground is warm, the soil loose, the wild greens fat; at times I watch the old gardener hoe in the cloud. The sparrows call for fine weather and do not get it: behind one blind, in a light rain, I read a book on farming.

1873. 教の麓, a village school. The earliest story about the phrase in the library's full text, read oldest first, is a retirement. A collection of news stories of 1873, under the heading 村落の君子, tells of the headman of 西里村 in Yamagata, a gentle and studious man filial to his parents, who had set up a small school for the village children and 其号を晴耕雨讀堂と称し, called it the Clear-Plow Rain-Read Hall; and 曾て官員に拜せられしが老親の故を以て辞職し専ら童蒙を教導するを以て己が任とせり, he had once been appointed an official, but resigned for the sake of his aged parents, and made the teaching of the young his whole task [2]. The ruby beside the four characters reads せいかううど, its last kana lost at the edge of the printed frame [2].

1879–1880. The phrase in school and in verse. By 1879 a composition book for the upper primary schools of Sakai Prefecture glosses 晴耕雨讀 for its pupils in katakana, ハレニハタガヤシ…, in fine weather, plow …, with the reading セーコウ… in its ruby [3]. Verse of 1880 has 晴耕雨讀一身輕, plowing when fine and reading when it rains, the body is light [23], and a quatrain in a collection the library dates 1878 to 1880 makes the phrase the settled rule of a household whose living is secure [24].

1878–1880. Ōkubo Tenzan 大久保天山, the record of a hall. The earliest prose essay on the phrase in the library's full text is a record of a hall named for it, printed with the comments of two critics in an anthology the library dates 1878 to 1880 [25]. Inside his poor village the writer has a field of millet and a vegetable plot, and beyond it cloud and hills: that is where he plows when it is fine. Inside his little window are a desk and his histories, and outside it a reed blind and bamboo: that is where he reads when it rains. His wife is glad when he goes out to the field and scolds when he goes in to read, and asks what good books do; so she always wants it fine and he always wants it to rain. Then his mother settles it: when it is fine, do the work that keeps the household; when it rains, do the learning that cultivates the self; neither of the two can be without the other. The writer, abashed at thirty years with nothing achieved, hopes that his work and his learning may go forward together, and one critic calls the mother's word the last word on it [25]. Here the two halves carry a moral: the household's labor and the cultivation of the self, each in its weather, and neither enough alone. The essay is told here from the library's text of it and not quoted, because its page is served only to readers in Japan.

1881. 民権立志編. A Japanese translation of 1881, 民権立志編, says of a man that he 悠然トシテ田家ニ退隱シ晴耕雨讀, withdrew at his ease to a farmhouse and plowed when it was fine and read when it rained, and so for a time took his rest [26]. It is the earliest prose in the library's full text, read oldest first, to use the phrase for a way of life rather than the name of a room, and the life is a retirement.

1883. Fukuda Gyōkai 福田行誡, four characters for a host. The earliest record in the library's full text of the four characters written out as a work of calligraphy for someone is in the travel diary of the Buddhist priest Fukuda Gyōkai. In the fifth month of 1883 he stayed with Ueki Fukken 植木復軒 at 大圓寺, 大戸, in Awa, and wrote [27]:

書晴耕雨讀四字示植木復軒 出養田園入養親。紅花翠柳幸爲隣。未知官海波瀾嶮。閑屬晴耕雨讀人。

Wrote the four characters 晴耕雨讀 and gave them to Ueki Fukken. Out, he tends the fields; in, he tends his parents. Red flowers and green willows are, happily, his neighbors. He does not know how steep the waves are on the sea of office: leisure belongs to the man who plows when it is fine and reads when it rains. The poem holds both of the Meiji themes: the parents at home, as in 1873, and the life of office that the plowman is well out of.

1884–1885. The inverted order. Verse in a collection the library dates 1884 to 1885 turns the phrase round, reading when it rains and plowing when fine, and finds the pleasure long [28].

1888–1903. The official who leaves office. The phrase becomes the stock clause for a retirement in the biographical collections. Of a man of 引佐 in Tōtōmi, a collection of 1888 says that he left office, withdrew to the village of Kiga, plowed and read by the weather, enjoyed the wind and the moon, and so ended his days [29]. Of a man who gave up all thought of office after the domains were abolished, a biographical dictionary of 1903 says: 復た世事を日にせず晴耕雨讀悠々日を消す, he took no more part in the world's affairs, and passed his days at ease, plowing when fine and reading when it rained [30].

1892–1898. Advice and an essay. A compendium of moral precept, which the library dates 1892 to 1894, has an old man warn the scholar Kamo no Mabuchi as he sets out for Edo, 子ガ此行、余甚ダ之ヲ危ム。晴耕雨讀、以テ天ヲ樂ムノ愈レルニハ如カズ, I fear greatly for this journey of yours; it would be better to plow and read by the weather and so take your joy in Heaven [31]. A collection of farmers' sayings of 1895 lists it among them [32]. Tokutomi Iichirō 徳富猪一郎, in a book of short essays of 1898, allows it, the phrase marked with emphasis dots: 晴耕雨讀、亦た可ならずや, plowing when fine and reading when it rains: is that not also good? [33]

1907. Nishimura Shinji 西村真次, 血汗. In Nishimura's novel a character who says he lives by farming writes the phrase proudly in his notebook in pencil, adding that he takes no part in the world's affairs [34].

1938. Kishida Hideto 岸田日出刀, the dictionaries' first example. The national dictionary's earliest citation is Kishida, in an anthology on students and reading, as the dictionary quotes it: 晴耕雨読といふも、雨ふれば四囲おのづから静かで読書に適する環境と心境とに, we say plow when fine and read when it rains, and indeed when it rains all around is quiet of itself, a setting and a mood fit for reading [1].

1946. Kanbayashi Akatsuki 上林暁, 擬宝珠庵. The novelist Kanbayashi, his body unfit for hard labor, plans to retire to his home village and name his hut there 擬宝珠庵, and refuses half of the phrase, in the words the 四字熟語を知る辞典 quotes [1]:

晴耕雨読なんて、都会の知識人の甘い感傷に過ぎないのだというのが、私の肚だった

Plowing in fine weather and reading in the rain is no more than the sweet sentimentality of the urban intellectual: that was my real feeling. He keeps the other half, and means to read in the hut as he pleases and to his heart's content [35]. The dictionary dates the piece 1946 [1]; it is printed in a collection of 1948 [35].

1950–1951. Ishikawa Tatsuzō 石川達三, 風にそよぐ葦. In Ishikawa's novel the phrase is the retreat a man under the pressure of state power is tempted by. One of its characters cannot reach so withered a calm as to give up on the times, withdraw to his native hills and console his gloom with plowing and reading [36]. Another passage weighs it as a choice, in the words the 四字熟語を知る辞典 quotes [1]:

山野に隠栖して晴耕雨読をたのしみ、蒼猿野鶴を友として人生の憂いを忘れるという風な生き方をすればいいのだ

one need only live hidden in the hills, enjoy the plowing and the reading, and forget life's sorrows with the grey monkeys and the wild cranes for friends [1][37]. The dictionary dates the novel 1949 to 1951 [1].

Today. The modern dictionaries head 晴耕雨読 with the sense of a life of unhurried ease, 悠々自適 [1]; retirement is JMdict's second English gloss [13]. The Japanese journals use it above all for retirement: essays on the life that waits after the retirement age, a program for setting new goals at retirement, the baby-boom generation's challenge of 晴耕雨読, and in 1999 a magazine's report on a former prime minister, Hosokawa Morihiro 細川護煕, gone to Yugawara to live 晴耕雨読 [38][39].

What is not a source. The Chinese 耕讀 family, the farmer-scholar household of 耕讀傳家, 晝耕夜讀 and 帶經而鋤, is the ideal behind the phrase and not the phrase. In Chinese and Korean verse 晴 beside 耕 is weather for the field, never for the book: the Korean poet Hwang Wi 黃暐, in his collected verse, pairs weather with the field and no book, 刈晴畊雨孰兼之, reap in the sun, plow in the rain: who manages both? [40], and 雨讀 alone is reading in the rain in many poems. Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全's Taiping 醒世文, 晴則俱要勤操鍊　雨讀新舊遺詔文, when fine all must drill hard; in rain, read the old and new edicts, is a parallel of the nineteenth century, not a source [41]. A modern writer's description of a seventeenth-century monk as living the phrase to the letter is the phrase applied backward [42], and an Edo book that carries an owner's seal reading 晴耕雨読軒藏書, as the catalogue record transcribes it, carries it from an owner who cannot be dated [43].

The phrase in English

1867–1931. The dictionaries without it. Hepburn's dictionary in its editions of 1867, 1872 and 1888 has no entry at the place, and the seikō headwords of 1872 are 成功 alone [4][5][6]. Brinkley in 1896 lists 精巧, 成功, 正項 and 征行 [7]; Inouye in 1909, Takenobu in 1918 and Kenkyūsha in 1931 pass from the seikō words to seikōkai or seikon [8][9][10].

1951. Hasegawa Saburō 長谷川三郎, to Isamu Noguchi. The painter Hasegawa wrote to the sculptor from Fujisawa on 18 January 1951, in English, sending the haiku of the group of young farmers he had taught by Lake Biwa, which took its name from the phrase. He glosses SEIKO-UDOKU [11]:

(Fine day's labour in the farm—rainy day's reading at home), to do both properly is the ideal of a civilized man since 2,000 years ago in China and in Japan.

It is the earliest English rendering the Internet Archive's full text finds, and it already carries the claim that the phrase is Chinese and two thousand years old. The ideal of the farmer who reads is that old; the four characters, on the record, are not.

1962. Andrew N. Nelson, The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. seikō-udoku working in fair weather and reading in wet [12]. It is the earliest dictionary entry among those read here, and the New Nelson of 1997 keeps it [44].

1974. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fourth edition. work in the field in fine weather and read at home in wet weather [45]. Nelson's fair … wet and this field … at home are the two wordings the later dictionaries copy.

1993. A Japanese Memoir of Sumatra, 1945–1946. the life of a hermit, as described in China, seiko-udoku (farming when clear and reading when rainy) [46]. The Chinese framing again.

1996. Spahn and Hadamitzky, The Kanji Dictionary. tilling the fields when the sun shines and reading … [47].

1999. Katō Shūichi 加藤周一, A Sheep's Song. their official posts. Such was the ideal of seiko udoku—work in the fields when the sun shines, read … [48]: the phrase in English as the ideal of men who have left office.

2013. Jack Halpern, The Kodansha Kanji Dictionary. working in the field in fine weather and reading at home in rainy weather, under both 晴 and 耕 [49]: Kenkyūsha's frame.

Today: JMdict gives working in the field in fine weather and reading at home in rainy weather and living in quiet retirement dividing time between work and intellectual pursuits [13], the first a blend of the Kenkyūsha and Nelson renderings. Word for word the phrase is fine: plow; rain: read, and a rendering that keeps it keeps the weather as the hinge, as plow in the sun, read in the rain does.

A reading

The ideal is Chinese and the phrase is Japanese, and the poem where the phrase first stands says so of itself. Seigan named his pupil's house with four characters no Chinese text searched for this history carries, and in the same breath compared the man to a Chinese hermit who plowed by day and read by night. The change he made is small and it is the whole phrase: the Chinese scholar divides his day by the sun; the Japanese one lets the sky decide. Then the record turns the phrase three ways in forty years. It names rooms. It gets a moral by 1880, from a mother who tells her bookish son that the household's work and the self's cultivation each have their weather and neither can do without the other, which is the best gloss the phrase has had. And it becomes the life of the official who leaves office for the farm, filial to his parents, out of the waves of the sea of office: that is the 1873 headman, Gyōkai's host in 1883, and the biographical dictionaries' stock clause. So a retirement gift is not a modern use put on an old text: it is what the phrase was for in its first prose. The counter-voice belongs beside it, and Kanbayashi's is a fair one: the plow half was always the easier half to dream, and he kept the book. I read the phrase as asking for both, and for the patience to take whichever the day brings. Hasegawa's 2,000 years ago in China is a kind and very common belief, and it is half right: the farmer who reads is that old. The four characters are about a hundred and eighty, and Japanese.

Notes

Sources not seen

The earliest prose essay on the phrase, Ōkubo Tenzan's record of his hall in 伊坂渉人 編『嚶鳴詩文』 (1878–1880, National Diet Library, persistent identifier 892208), and the gloss on Seigan's poem in 『註解梁川星巌全集』 (1957, persistent identifier 1664772) are served by the National Diet Library only to readers in Japan; the essay is told here from the library's text of it, unquoted. So are the pages behind the witnesses of 1907, 1878–1880, 1884–1885, 1888, 1895, 1948 and 1950–1951 above [34][24][28][29][32][35][36][37], which the history therefore tells rather than quotes, except where a dictionary quotes them. Seeing the leaves would let their words be quoted and show what the 1957 editor says of the poem's date.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

  1. 「晴耕雨読」, デジタル大辞泉, 精選版 日本国語大辞典 and 四字熟語を知る辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/晴耕雨読-545018
  2. 一鵬迂人 編, 教の麓, 1873, scan 12. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/754855/1/12
  3. 堀川政二郎, 記事文 : 堺県上等小学課用, 1879, scan 35. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/867079/1/35
  4. J. C. Hepburn, A Japanese and English Dictionary; with an English and Japanese Index, Trübner, London, 1867 (the preface dated Shanghai, May 1867), pp. 384–385. Internet Archive japaneseenglishd00hepb. https://archive.org/details/japaneseenglishd00hepb
  5. J. C. Hepburn, A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, second edition, American Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai, 1872, p. 443. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/993689
  6. J. C. Hepburn, A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, fourth edition, Maruya, Tokyo, 1888 (copyright 1886), p. 542.
  7. F. Brinkley, F. Nanjō and Y. Iwasaki, An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary, Sanseidō, Tokyo, 1896, pp. 1208–1209. Internet Archive cu31924082117288. https://archive.org/details/cu31924082117288
  8. Inouye, A Japanese-English Dictionary, Sanseidō, Tokyo, 1909, pp. 1341–1342.
  9. 武信由太郎『武信和英大辭典』, Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary, 研究社, Tokyo, 1918, pp. 1736–1737, scan 870. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/925665/1/870
  10. Takenobu Yoshitarō, ed., Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, second edition, 1931; American edition, Harvard University Press, 1942, reproduced from its printing of 1939, p. 1600.
  11. Hasegawa Saburō to Isamu Noguchi, 18 January 1951, in Mark Dean Johnson and Dakin Hart, eds., The Saburo Hasegawa Reader, University of California Press, 2019, p. 48. Internet Archive oapen-20.500.12657-25003. https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-25003
  12. Andrew N. Nelson, The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary, Tuttle, 1962, s.v. 晴. Internet Archive modernreadersjap0000andr. https://archive.org/details/modernreadersjap0000andr
  13. JMdict, 「晴耕雨読」 (1376540). https://jisho.org/word/晴耕雨読
  14. 漢書 卷五十八, 兒寬傳, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/漢書/卷058
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  16. 韓愈, 嗟哉董生行, 昌黎先生集, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/嗟哉董生行
  17. 韓愈, 送董邵南序, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/送董邵南序
  18. 殷堯藩, 送劉禹錫侍御出刺連州, 全唐詩 卷492, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/送劉禹錫侍御出刺連州
  19. 梁川星巌, 星巌先生遺稿, 皇都 聖華書房, 見返し 文久癸亥 (1863), 卷三, scan 35; 凡例, scan 4; 目録, scan 6. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2568359/1/35
  20. 梁川星巌, 星巌集 戊集 卷一–四, preface 嘉永癸丑 (1853), the heads of 卷一 to 卷四 at scans 5, 15, 32 and 41. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/14361837/1/5
  21. 伊藤信, 梁川星巌翁 附 紅蘭女史, 1925, pp. 324–325 and 713, scans 224–225 and 422. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1020329/1/224
  22. 雲山老人 等, 三雲集, preface 1870, scan 40. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/892729/1/40
  23. 小笠原東陽 編, 耕余集, 第1号, 1880, scan 8. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/892653/1/8
  24. 羽陰小誌, 明11–13 (1878–1880) in the library's record, National Diet Library pid 872101 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/872101
  25. 大久保天山, 晴畊雨讀堂記, in 伊坂渉人 編, 嚶鳴詩文, 明11–13 (1878–1880) in the library's record, National Diet Library pid 892208 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/892208
  26. 中山克己 訳, 民権立志編, 1881, scan 37. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/783731/1/37
  27. 福田行誡, 行誡上人全集, 1899, pp. 408–409, scan 319. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/820249/1/319
  28. 菉竹新篇, 明17–18 (1884–1885) in the library's record, National Diet Library pid 893287 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/893287
  29. 松島吉平 編, 引佐麁玉郡功労者列伝, 1888, National Diet Library pid 777451 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/777451
  30. 経済雑誌社 編, 大日本人名辞書, 1903, scan 326. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/779855/1/326
  31. 国家教育社 編, 聖諭大全, 明25–27 (1892–1894) in the library's record, scan 298. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/759386/1/298
  32. 山崎三太郎 (雨読野人) 編, 農用諺草, 1895, National Diet Library pid 839559 (full text; no page image is served outside Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/839559
  33. 徳富猪一郎, 文学漫筆, 1898, scan 47. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/871769/1/47
  34. 西村真次, 血汗, 1907, National Diet Library pid 781851 (full text; no page image is served outside Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/781851
  35. 上林暁, 擬宝珠庵, in 死者の声, 1948, National Diet Library pid 1133872 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1133872
  36. 石川達三, 風にそよぐ葦, 1950, National Diet Library pid 1352412 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1352412
  37. 石川達三, 風にそよぐ葦, 1951, National Diet Library pid 1352616 (full text; the page is served only in Japan). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1352616
  38. J-STAGE, articles on 晴耕雨読, among them 「定年後の生き方」, 2023, and 「退職期における人生の目標再設定を支援する「ケアウィルプログラム」の開発と評価」, 全人的医療, 2017. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/result/global/-char/ja?globalSearchKey=晴耕雨読
  39. CiNii Research: 「消えた「細川元総理」湯河原で「晴耕雨読」」, 1999 (https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520573329783477248); 「晴耕雨読の暮らしが待っている : 定年退職を迎えて」, 2009 (https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050002213760714240); 「団塊の晴耕雨読への挑戦」, 2008 (https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570009750632451456).
  40. 黃暐, 偶成。贈尹汝玉。二首, 塘村集 卷之二, at the Korean Classics Database. https://db.itkc.or.kr/dir/node?dataId=ITKC_MO_0859A_0030_010_0380
  41. 洪秀全, 醒世文, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/醒世文
  42. 柴山全慶, 禅の牧牛図, 1967.
  43. 庄司勝富, 洞房語園, 1750, CiNii Research record. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1970023484915339793
  44. John H. Haig, ed., The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary, Tuttle, 1997, s.v. 晴.
  45. Koh Masuda, ed., Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fourth edition, Kenkyūsha, 1974, s.v. seikō-udoku.
  46. A Japanese Memoir of Sumatra, 1945–1946, 1993. Internet Archive japanesememoirof0000fusa. https://archive.org/details/japanesememoirof0000fusa
  47. Mark Spahn and Wolfgang Hadamitzky, The Kanji Dictionary, Tuttle, 1996. Internet Archive kanjidictionary0000spah. https://archive.org/details/kanjidictionary0000spah
  48. Katō Shūichi, A Sheep's Song: A Writer's Reminiscences of Japan and the World, 1999. Internet Archive sheepssongwriter0000kato. https://archive.org/details/sheepssongwriter0000kato
  49. Jack Halpern, ed., The Kodansha Kanji Dictionary, second edition, Kodansha, 2013, under 晴 and 耕.

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

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