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礼に始まり礼に終わる rei ni hajimari rei ni owaru Begins and Ends with Courtesy

礼に始まり礼に終わる (rei ni hajimari rei ni owaru) is the saying the Japanese martial arts share: practice begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy. The words are older than the dōjō. This study follows them back to a proverb about drink, which begins in courtesy and ends in disorder.

Japanese Scroll of Begins and Ends with Courtesy (rei ni hajimari rei ni owaru) — Calligraphy by Eri Takase
Begins and Ends with Courtesy礼に始まり礼に終わるrei ni hajimari rei ni owaru

Original art by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase

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Abstract

礼に始まり礼に終わる, rei ni hajimari rei ni owaru, it begins in 礼 and ends in 礼, is the saying the Japanese martial arts share, its 礼 both the bow and the courtesy the bow stands for, and its words are older in print than its martial use: a proverb about drink, 酒は礼にはじまりて乱にをはり, drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder, stands in Kyokutei Bakin 曲亭馬琴's books of 1828 as what the people of old said; from the 1880s Meiji writers turned it, of banquets that kept their courtesy to the end, and a proverb dictionary of 1901 defines the turned form by the banquet. The earliest martial use in Nakatani Yasushi 中谷康司's study of 2022 is a kendō article of 1907 by Naitō Takaharu 内藤高治, and by the 1930s the saying belonged to jūdō and karate as well. I read the martial saying as the banquet's turned proverb carried into the dōjō, a step no witness states in words.

Overview

The sense. No dictionary at kotobank has the phrase as a headword. The encyclopedias give it in their entries for 柔道: 日本大百科全書, 柔道は「礼に始まり礼に終わる」といわれるように礼法をたいせつにしている。立礼と座礼があり、正しく行わねばならない, jūdō, as the saying "it begins in rei and ends in rei" has it, values the forms of courtesy; there is the standing bow and the seated bow, and they must be done correctly; and 世界大百科事典, 柔道は〈礼に始まり礼に終わる〉といって礼法をたいせつにするが，礼法には立礼と座礼がある, jūdō values the forms of courtesy, saying "it begins in rei and ends in rei"; the forms are the standing bow and the seated bow [1]. The saying is used in the other martial arts and outside them, and the record below follows those uses. What the encyclopedias leave open is which 礼 is meant, the bow or what the bow expresses, and the tradition has argued both.

The words. 礼, in the old form 禮, has both senses in the dictionaries. デジタル大辞泉 gives first 社会秩序を保ち、人間関係を円滑に維持するために守るべき、社会生活上の規範。礼儀作法・制度など, the norms of social life to be kept so that order holds and relations run smoothly: manners, etiquette, institutions, and second 敬意を表すために頭を下げること。おじぎ, bowing the head to show respect; a bow; 精選版日本国語大辞典 gives the same two, as ① and ③ [2]. 始まり and 終わる are to begin and to end, and the pattern X に始まり Y に終わる says what a thing starts in and what it ends in. The older witnesses spell the words in several ways, 始り and 始まり, 終る and 終わる, and in kana or katakana; they are one saying. Its pair, the proverb on drink, ends in 乱 (亂), disorder, where this one ends in 礼.

The text in English. The English lineage in the Internet Archive's full text begins in 1967, with begins and ends with courtesy, of jūdō [3]. Since then the saying has been given as courtesy [4][5], etiquette [6], respect [7], or rei left in Japanese [8]. JMdict has no entry for the phrase; for 礼 it gives manners, etiquette and, as a separate sense, bow (i.e. bending of the body), bowing [9].

The historical record

The Chinese ground: the 莊子 and Zhu Xi 朱熹. In the 莊子's chapter 人間世, Confucius warns that things go the way drink goes: 以禮飲酒者，始乎治，常卒乎亂，泰至則多奇樂, those who drink by the rites begin in order and usually end in disorder; at the extreme there is wild pleasure [10]. Zhu Xi made the line the gloss of the 詩經's drinking ode 賓之初筵, the guests at the start of the feast: 此言凡飲酒者常始乎治而卒乎亂也, this says that all who drink usually begin in order and end in disorder [11]. The Chinese pairs order with disorder; the Japanese proverb pairs courtesy with disorder.

1828. Kyokutei Bakin, 傾城水滸伝. Kyokutei Bakin's 傾城水滸伝, a retelling of the Chinese 水滸伝, came out in parts from 1825, its fourth and fifth parts in 1828 [12]. The fifth part closes with a note of Bakin's on the episode it tells, which, he writes, China had spun out into the novel 金瓶梅. The note turns on drink and lust: 酒は礼にはじまりて乱にをはり, drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder, and lust, it goes on, rises when the heart is stirred and is no pleasure unless it leads astray [13]. The print writes 礼 and 乱, the modern forms of 禮 and 亂.

1828. 松浦佐用媛石魂録, the second part. In the same year Bakin's 松浦佐用媛石魂録, its second part dated 1828 [14], gives the proverb as old: いにしへの人いへる事あり。酒は禮に始りて。亂に終り。人は五常を心に具て。五常を全くする者稀なり, the people of old had a saying: drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder. Every man has the five constant virtues in his heart, and few keep them whole, as a typeset of 1883 prints it [15].

1829. 近世説美少年録. In the first part of 近世説美少年録 (1829) [16], of men and women drinking together, Bakin gives the proverb a Chinese author: 酒は禮に始りて。亂に終る。と莊周が。いひけんも現宜なるかな, how right Zhuang Zhou 莊周 was to say that drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder, and the next sentence calls drink the go-between of lust [17]. The 莊子 says order and disorder; the words Bakin gives Zhuang Zhou are the Japanese proverb's [10].

1835 to 1842. 南総里見八犬伝. In the ninth part of 南総里見八犬伝, printed between 1835 and 1842, a company of soldiers drinks the night away, and Bakin comments: 現是酒は狂藥にて礼に始り乱に終る, truly, drink is a mad medicine: it begins in courtesy and ends in disorder [18].

1884 and 1885–86. The proverb turned, at banquets. The oldest dated items for the turned form in the National Diet Library's full text, searched in October 2026, are both of drink [19]. A medical paper of May 1884 reports a doctors' party that went courteously from beginning to end, though every man drank his fill [20]. A book of model compositions of 1885–86 describes a banquet that went, as they say, beginning in courtesy and ending in courtesy, its guests drinking without limit and never reaching disorder, in words from the 論語 [21].

1887. An old saying. A miscellany of 1887 quotes the drinking proverb as 古語, an old saying [22].

1889 to 1891. 言海. Ōtsuki Fumihiko 大槻文彦's dictionary 言海 gives the drinking proverb, without 酒, as the example for 亂: ミダレ。辨別ナクナルコト。「禮ニ始マリ、ーニ終ル」, disorder; losing all discretion: "begins in courtesy and ends in ―" [23].

1889 and 1890. Gatherings that keep their courtesy. A society's magazine of July 1889 reports a dinner that was, as the saying goes, begun in courtesy and ended in courtesy, quiet and friendly [24]. In 1890 a speaker at a social gathering said that most such gatherings do not escape the proverb, and asked that this one begin in courtesy and end in courtesy [25].

1892. ことわざ草. A collection of Japanese, Chinese and Western proverbs files ●酒は禮に始まり亂に終る and sets beside it ◎酒極まれば則ち亂れ、樂み極まれば則ち悲しむ, when drink is at its height there is disorder; when pleasure is at its height, sorrow; its preface gives the marks: 語頭ニ●點アルヲ日本ノ俚諺トシ◎點ハ支那○點ハ歐米各國トシテ, a ● before an item marks a Japanese proverb, ◎ a Chinese one, ○ one of the Western countries [26]. The collector files the drinking proverb as Japanese.

1893. A police manual. Under its section on drinking, a manual for police constables writes 夫レ酒ハ禮ニ始マリ亂ニ終ルモノニテ諺ニ之ヲ狂水ト云ヘリ, drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder, and the proverb calls it mad water [27].

1897 to 1905. Sport, and the turn said aloud. A sports magazine of December 1897, after a school meet was broken up by abuse from the crowd, says that sport must begin in courtesy and end in courtesy [28]. In August 1899 a speaker in the Keiō university bulletin called the drinking proverb wrong: drink, he said, must begin in courtesy and end in courtesy [29]. A school baseball handbook of 1905 says the same of the game [30].

1901. A manual of etiquette. In its chapter on banquets, 普通礼法 writes 酒は禮に始まりて亂に終るとは、我が國の古よりなる諺にして、此の諺が宴會の實況を穿てるものと思へば、寒からざるに肌膚の粟立するを覺ゆるなり, that drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder is a proverb of our country from of old, and when I think how exactly it catches what banquets are, my skin crawls though it is not cold [31].

1901 and 1906. The turned form in the proverb dictionaries. 俗諺辞林 (1901) enters ○禮に始り禮に終る　酒宴などの始終禮儀正しきなり, of a banquet or the like, courteous from beginning to end [32]. 俚諺辞典 (1906) enters 禮に始り禮に終る。始も終も禮儀正しきをいふ。, said of what is courteous at the beginning and at the end [33].

1907. Naitō Takaharu, in the 武徳会's journal. Nakatani Yasushi's study of 2022, following an article of 2011, gives as the saying's first appearance in the martial arts, in the National Diet Library's holdings as he searched them, an article by Naitō Takaharu in 『武徳誌』, the journal of the 大日本武徳会, of July 1907, 「剣道初歩（第二回）劍術初學者に示す（其二）」, and he transcribes its section on 禮 [34]. Naitō, kendō teacher to the 武徳会 from 1899, wrote not 武道は, the martial way, but 武術の講習は總て, all instruction in the martial arts. Nakatani sets behind it the rules of etiquette in Kumamoto Sanemichi 隈元實道's 武道教範 of 1893, a version of which the same journal printed in 1906, and concludes that the slogan arose in 1907 and spread through the 武徳会 and its journal until it was general in the martial arts by the early Shōwa years [34]. He does not treat the drinking proverb or any use outside the martial arts.

1908 to 1914. The kendō manuals. A sports magazine of May 1908 says that kendō practice begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy [35], and a kendō manual of 1911 makes it the first of its rules for practice [36]. A manual of 1912 prints the sentence Nakatani transcribes from Naitō's article of 1907 [34]: 武術の講習は總て禮に始まり禮に終るを以て肝要とす。前後の禮は最も大切なり、故を以て心事正しからざれば禮正しからず、禮正しからざれば道行はれず, in all instruction in the martial arts, beginning in courtesy and ending in courtesy is essential; the bows before and after matter most; and so, if the mind is not right the courtesy is not right, and if the courtesy is not right the Way does not go [37]. The sentence passes in one breath from the bows to the mind. A manual of 1914, like another of 1912 [38], makes it a principle: 武術ノ練習ハ禮ニ始マリ禮ニ終ルヲ原則トス, it is the principle that martial-arts practice begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy [39].

1910. The dictionary of proverbs. Fujii Otoo 藤井乙男's 諺語大辞典 enters the drinking proverb twice: under 酒, 【酒ハ禮ニ始マリ亂ニ終ル】, with no gloss [40], and under 禮, 【禮ニ始リ亂ニ終ル】酒宴についていふ。, said of banquets [41].

1910. A friendship. A lesson book for schoolteachers, on a reading about Fujiwara no Kamatari 藤原鎌足 and the prince he joined, says of the two: 君子の交は禮に始まり禮に終る、と云ふべきか, one might say: the friendship of gentlemen begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy [42].

1914 and 1916. Nishikubo Hiromichi: not only the bows. In a lecture on the martial arts printed in the police association's journal in October 1914, and again in his book of 1916, Nishikubo Hiromichi 西久保弘道 says that courtesy must be kept during practice and at its beginning and its end, and that this, in other words, is what it means for practice to begin in courtesy and end in courtesy [43][44]. A school magazine of July 1916 quotes the martial arts begin in courtesy and end in courtesy as a saying and says that it does not mean bowing before and after [45].

1915. Tea against drink. A tea manual of 1915 sets the two forms against each other: to begin in courtesy and end in disorder is the drinker's habit, and the tea man begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy [46].

1918. The old proverb, against drinking. A lecture to elementary-school heads of 1918, asking why people drink, rejects the claim that one cannot keep company without drink and quotes 昔の諺に「禮に始まり禮に終る」, the old proverb, "begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy", with a verse on food and drink as the root of bad company [47].

1920 and 1924. One translation series, both forms. The 国訳漢文大成 renders Zhu Xi's gloss on the drinking ode 凡そ飮酒者の常態として禮に始まり不禮に終る、治に始まり亂に終る, as is usual with all who drink, they begin in courtesy and end in discourtesy, begin in order and end in disorder [48]. The same series glosses Confucius on the archers of the 論語 with the turned form: their contest begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy [49]. The 論語's line is 子曰：「君子無所爭，必也射乎！揖讓而升，下而飮，其爭也君子。」, the Master said: the gentleman does not compete, unless it is in archery; bowing and yielding they go up, and coming down they drink; that contest is a gentleman's [50].

1927 to 1934. Tea, jūdō, karate. A tea master's book of 1927 says it of tea [51], a jūdō manual of 1928 says it goes without saying for jūdō practice [52], and a book of 1930 on Naitō, who had died in 1929 [53], prints a talk of his calling it an established rule from of old [54]. Funakoshi Gichin 船越義珍's twenty precepts of karate open with it; Nakatani gives their first print in the bulletin of the Keiō university karate club, 『拳』, in 1930 [34], and a karate journal of 1934 prints the first precept as do not forget that karate begins in courtesy and ends in courtesy, with 空手, not the later 空手道 [55].

1939 to 1943. The 講道館's journal. The 講道館's journal uses the saying from 1939, as the saying of budō [56]. In January 1943 a writer there warns that people are apt to take it as courtesy only at the start and the end [57].

1956. Funakoshi, 空手道一路. In his memoir of 1956 Funakoshi gives the saying as what is said of karate, not as his own words [58].

After 1945. The order reversed. After the war the two forms could be read the other way round. A book of regional proverbs of 1994 says the 乱 form plays on the 礼 form [59]; a writer on tea of 1984 sets drink's form beside tea's and says nobody knows who first said it [60].

What is not a source. The 禮記's chapter on archery, 射義, says that in archery 進退周還必中禮, advancing, withdrawing and turning must all accord with the rites [61], and kyūdō books set it beside the saying [62]; it says that archery is in the rites throughout, not that it begins and ends in them. The 禮記's 樂記, on the drinking rite, says 壹獻之禮，賓主百拜，終日飲酒而不得醉焉, in the rite of one offering of wine, host and guest bow a hundred times, and drink all day without becoming drunk [63]: the Chinese ground for a courtesy that holds to the end, as the 莊子 is for the drink that does not, and neither is the saying's text.

礼に始まり礼に終わる in English

1967. Jeannette Bruce, Sports Illustrated. In a comic account of learning jūdō: "Judo," I remembered reading, "begins and ends with courtesy." [3] It is the oldest English of the saying in the Internet Archive's full text; her I remembered reading points to an older English print.

1975. Funakoshi Gichin, Karate-Dō: My Way of Life. Indeed, the essence of the art has been summarized in the words: "Karate begins and ends with courtesy." [4]

1984. Ueshiba Kisshōmaru, The Spirit of Aikido. From ancient times one dictum of budō has been: "Begin with etiquette, conclude with etiquette." [6] No martial witness in this history is older than 1907.

1987. John Stevens, Abundant Peace. Indeed, "the practice of Aikido begins and ends with respect." [7]

2003. Funakoshi and Nakasone, The Twenty Guiding Principles of Karate. The English of Nakasone Genwa's commentary of 1938 on the twenty precepts keeps 礼 in Japanese: Rei is often defined as "respect," but it actually means much more [8].

2015. Alexander C. Bennett, Kendo: Culture of the Sword. One often hears the maxim "beginning with courtesy, and ending with courtesy" (rei ni hajimari, rei ni owaru) in the dojo [5]. He gives no origin for it.

Today. JMdict has no entry for the phrase [9]. A rendering as a bow keeps the act; courtesy keeps the sense the dictionaries give first; the writers of 1914, 1916 and 1943 argued that the saying meant more than the bows.

A reading

Two origins stand in this history, and they do not compete. Nakatani is right for what he searched: the martial slogan's first print in his search is Naitō's article of 1907, and the 武徳会 carried it into every art. But the words it uses were a generation older, and they came from the banquet. Bakin's proverb said that drink begins in courtesy and ends in disorder; from the 1880s Meiji writers turned it, of gatherings that kept their courtesy to the last cup, and by 1901 a proverb dictionary defined the turned form by the banquet, courteous from beginning to end. I read the martial saying as that turned proverb carried into the dōjō. No witness says so in words, and the step is mine. It explains what the bows alone do not: why Naitō's own paragraph moves at once from the bows before and after to the mind, why Nishikubo spelled it out as courtesy during practice and at its start and its end, and why writers of 1916 and 1943 had to say it is not only the bows. The saying's 礼 is the courtesy of a whole occasion, and the bow is where it is easiest to see. A book of 1994, meeting the drinking proverb once the martial saying was everywhere, took the older proverb for the joke. Signed, 典.

Notes

Nakatani's dates. His English abstract gives 1905 for Naitō's article and 1891 for Kumamoto's manual; his Japanese text, his notes and his reference list give 1907, and 1893 and 1895 [34]. This history follows the Japanese text.

Sources not seen

『武徳誌』, 第弐篇第七號, July 1907, the journal of the 大日本武徳会, carrying Naitō Takaharu's 「剣道初歩（第二回）劍術初學者に示す（其二）」 at pp. 60–62 by Nakatani's reference; reprinted as 『武徳誌 : 明治三九年六月〜明治四二年一二月』 (雄松堂出版, 1985), recorded in NDL Search (https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000001-I26211100838781). It would let a reader set Naitō's 1907 sentence beside the 1912 manual's at the page, where this history now has Nakatani's transcription.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

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Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios, LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

Not yet reviewed.

Cite as: Tim Jackowski and Ten, "Philology of 礼に始まり礼に終わる (rei ni hajimari rei ni owaru)," Takase Studios, 2026, https://takase.com/library/philology/rei-ni-hajimari-rei-ni-owaru.