松風 matsukaze Wind in the Pines

松風 Original Scroll by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase

Abstract

松風, matsukaze, is the wind in the pines and the sound it makes in their tops, a word the 日本国語大辞典 first finds in the Man'yōshū; the dictionaries also give it as the sound of a tea kettle at the boil, a confection, a Noh play and a chapter of The Tale of Genji, and none gives a sense from the sword ^[1]. Read shōfū, the same two characters are the Chinese word of the Zen line 江月照松風吹, the moon on the river shines, the wind in the pines blows, from the 證道歌, which the 雨月物語 of 1776 rubies せうふう ^[2][3]. A poem printed under the name of the Zen master Ikkyū 一休, in the 慶長 era (1596–1615) by the National Diet Library's dating and in a dated print of 1632 that writes the word まつ風, which likens the heart to the sound of the pine wind in an ink painting; explained in 1880 as the one thing no painter can paint, its last line was put under questions of tea, of the sword and of a priest's death ^{[4][5][6][7][8][9]}. In the sword school called the 一刀流, 松風之事 is one of twelve articles of teaching, and the earliest known print of a teaching the school calls 松風 is of 1884 ^[10][11].

A reading

My reading is matsukaze, and in English Wind in the pines. Brushed alone, 松風 is the Japanese word: the デジタル大辞泉 and the 日本国語大辞典 head it まつかぜ and give しょうふう a separate entry for the Sino-Japanese word, which the character dictionary 字通 gives with a Chinese poem; the dated print of 1632, the oldest dated print of the ink-painting poem this study found, writes it まつ風; the sword poems ruby it まつかぜ in 1886 and まつかせ, read matsukaze, in 1905; and a book of 1915–21, read in the library's full-text index, rubies the sword article まつかぜ ^{[1][4][12][8][13]}. Beside the dictionaries' entry for the Sino-Japanese word of Chinese poetry, and a Kyoto confection, 味噌松風, which the 日本大百科全書 also reads しょうふう ^[1], the sword and Zen witnesses read here give shōfū in two places, and I name them so a reader who meets it there knows where it belongs: in the Zen line 江月照松風吹, read せうふう from 1776 on, and in one undated manuscript of the 北辰一刀流 school, which rubies セウフウ the 松風 that opens the sword article's commentary and a few words on reads the tree 松(マツ)ニ風(カゼ) ^[3][14]. The sword teaching is one telling of the word among several, not its meaning: the dictionaries do not carry it, and it is a teaching of the 一刀流, with three different commentaries in print ^{[1][10][15][16]}. What the word alone carries, in Japanese, is the sound itself: in the pine tops, in the kettle, and in the poem that says the heart is like the sound of the wind in a painted pine, the sound that, as a book of 1880 explains, no painter can paint ^[6].

Overview

The sense. 松風 is a standard Japanese noun with a literary weight. The デジタル大辞泉 gives まつ‐かぜ as 1 松に吹く風。松籟, the wind that blows in the pines; 2 茶の湯で、釜の湯の煮え立つ音, in tea, the sound of the water boiling in the kettle; 3 a Japanese confection; and gives しょう‐ふう a separate entry, 松に吹く風。松籟。松韻。まつかぜ ^[1]. The 精選版 日本国語大辞典 dates the senses: ① 松の梢を吹く風, the wind that blows in the tops of the pines, first in the Man'yōshū (3・257); ② a blended incense, from 1479; ③ a baked confection, from the 柳多留 (1770); ④ 茶の湯で、茶釜の湯のにえたぎる音, the sound of the water seething in the kettle, first in Kawabata's 雪国; and for しょう‐ふう, the same wind, first in the 懐風藻 of 751 ^[1]. JMdict, the open dictionary of the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, gives the readings まつかぜ and しょうふう in that order and the senses (sound of) wind blowing through pine trees, (sound of) steam whistling in a kettle (at a tea ceremony), and matsukaze; sugar-glazed cookie sprinkled with sesame or poppy seeds ^[17]. English has no single word for it: the wind in the pines names the wind and the soughing of the pines the sound, and 松風 is both at once.

The words. 松 matsu, the pine; 風 kaze, the wind. The Japanese reading keeps a pun the Chinese one cannot: matsu is also 待つ, to wait, and the poets used it. Writing of a poem of Fujiwara no Masatsune that ends on 松風の声, the scholar Konishi Jin'ichi notes that "'matsukaze' can also mean 'the waiting wind'" ^[18]. 松風 is also a name: of a Noh play, Kan'ami's reworked by Zeami, on two sisters of Suma, Matsukaze and Murasame; of the eighteenth chapter of The Tale of Genji; and of a piece for the koto ^[1].

The text in English. The Satow–Ishibashi English-Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language, in its edition revised by Hobart-Hampden and Parlett (1904), gives under Wind: in the pine-trees, matsu-kaze ^[19]. Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary of 1942 gives matsukaze (松風). A wind (breeze) among the pines ^[20]. This history's title, Wind in the pines, keeps the wind and lets the sound come with it, as the Japanese does.

The historical record

The pine wind in China, and the Zen line

The recluse who loved it. The histories of the southern dynasties tell of the Daoist recluse Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (456–536) ^[21] that, living in a tower of three stories, 特愛松風，庭院皆植松，每聞其響，欣然為樂, he loved above all the wind in the pines; he planted pines all through his courtyard, and whenever he heard their sound he was glad (南史, 卷76); the 梁書 tells it without the courtyard of pines ^[22][23]. The 日本国語大辞典 cites this life under しょうふう ^[1]. In the poems of Hanshan 寒山 the pine wind is grief and clarity both: 行到傷心處，松風愁殺人, walking on to the place of heartbreak, the wind in the pines grieves a man to death, and 松風清颯颯, the pine wind, clear, soughing ^[24].

The Zen line. The 證道歌, Song of Realizing the Way, ascribed to Yongjia Xuanjue 永嘉玄覺 of the Tang, has 江月照松風吹。永夜清宵何所為, the moon on the river shines, the wind in the pines blows; in the long night, the clear evening, what is it for? ^[2]. It became a stock line of the Chan and Zen records: the CBETA edition of the Chinese canon finds 江月照松風吹 in 77 places ^[25]. The Zen phrase book 禅林句集, whose compiler the National Diet Library's record names as 英朝 (1428–1504), carries it in an enlarged edition (増補) of 1889 as 江月照シ松風吹, with its source, 證道歌, beside it ^[26].

How the Zen line is read. In 上田秋成 Ueda Akinari's 雨月物語, printed in Kyoto and Osaka in 安永 5 (1776), the tale 青頭巾 turns on these two lines. The priest who is master of the place (あるじの僧), his mind thrown into disorder by a passion of love (一旦の愛慾に心神乱れ), has become a demon that eats human flesh (鬼畜に墮罪し); a Zen master sets him on a stone, puts his own blue hood on his head, and gives him the lines (證道の哥の二句を授け給ふ). They come back on the next leaf, and both times the print rubies the line 江月(かうげつ)照(てらし)松風(せうふう)吹(ふく), with せうふう, the old spelling of shōfū, on 松風 ^[3]. Izumi Kyōka's 通夜物語 of 1901 quotes the line with the same reading, rubying 松風 しようふう, and a pocket reprint of the 雨月物語 of 1910 rubies it so ^[27][28]. In the Zen line, 松風 is shōfū.

The pine wind in Japan

In poetry. The 日本国語大辞典's first citation of まつかぜ is a poem of the Man'yōshū, on Mount Kagu: 松風に池浪立ちて, in the wind in the pines the waves rise on the pond; its first citation of しょうふう is the 懐風藻 of 751: 松風催雅曲, the pine wind calls up an elegant tune ^[1].

In the Noh, the Genji and the tea room. The Noh play 松風 tells of two sisters of the shore at Suma, Matsukaze and Murasame, whose spirits appear and tell of their love for the courtier Ariwara no Yukihira; the eighteenth chapter of the Genji takes the name; and in tea, 松風 is the sound of the water in the kettle, the 日本国語大辞典's fourth sense ^[1]. Okakura Kakuzō gave the kettle's pine wind to English readers in The Book of Tea (1906) as an image, without the word: "the soughing of the pines is heard in our kettle" ^[29]; the English translation of Sasaki Sanmi's tea almanac, Chadō: The Way of Tea (2002), names it: "the sound of the wind blowing through the pines (matsukaze), that is, the sound of the simmering teakettle" ^[30].

In the martial arts, as a name. Two other schools name a form or a teaching 松風. A 新影流 list in the 撃剣叢談 names 松風 among the forms under its 三學 (覽行、松風、花車等の名有) ^[31]; and the 竹林派 school of archery, in its 四巻之書, has an article 朝嵐松風の事, of the morning storm and the pine wind, two bearings, the deep and the rustling, and says of such names 秘故に異名付て云也, because it is secret, it is told under another name ^[32].

The pine wind painted in ink

The poem. In a kana book called 『水鏡』, The Water Mirror, printed under the name of Ikkyū Sōjun 一休宗純 (1394–1481) ^[33], stands this poem ^[4]:

こゝろとはいかなるものをいふやらん / すみゑにかきしまつ風のをと

What is it, the thing we call the heart? / The sound of the pine wind in an ink painting.

The dated print of 寛永 9 (1632), its colophon reading 寛永九年壬申六月 / 中野市右衛門刊行, writes the pine in kana, まつ風, matsukaze ^[4]. Two undated prints at the National Diet Library, catalogued by the library as of the 慶長 era and of the 慶長 or 元和 era (1596–1624), carry it too, one as こゝろとはいかなる物をいふやらん / すみゑにかきし松風のをと ^[5][34]. The 国書データベース records further dated prints of the book in 1647, 1654, 1682, 1705 and 1781 ^[35]. The scholar 飯塚大展, writing on the kana books ascribed to Ikkyū, reports after the bibliographer 川瀬一馬 five early movable-type prints of the 『水鏡』, from about the 慶長 era to the 寛永 era, writes of it as a book 一休がその作者に擬せられる, whose authorship is ascribed to Ikkyū, and says it is held to be early among the kana books given to him ^[36]. The poem is printed under Ikkyū's name; that he wrote it is the print's claim, not a fact any witness read here establishes.

What it means, in the earliest explanation known to this study. A book of 1880, 『安心撮要・済生祖訓』, quotes the poem and explains it: 何程畫工ノ上手デモ松風ノ音バカリハ書アラハス丁ガナラヌ。其ナラヌ處ヲ。墨繪ニ書シ松風ノ音ト云タ物デ。不可言說トテ言ニモ心ニモ及バヌ處ジヤ, however skilled the painter, the sound of the pine wind is the one thing he cannot paint; the poem calls that, which cannot be done, the sound of the pine wind in an ink painting; it is what is called beyond words, the place neither speech nor thought can reach ^[6].

The last line, under other questions. The upper line changes and the lower stays.

• Tea. In an appendix that Kawakami Fuhaku 川上不白 added to a record of the sayings of his teacher, the tea master Joshinsai 如心斎, printed in 1905: 或る人茶道の奧儀を問ふ答へて 茶の湯とはいかなることをいふやらむ墨繪にかきし松風の聲, someone asked the deepest secret of the way of tea; the answer: what is it, the thing we call tea? the voice of the pine wind in an ink painting ^[7]. This library's history of 守破離 dates Fuhaku's supplement, on the evidence of its signature, to between 1750 and 1773 ^[37].
• The sword. The same book of 1905 gives the poem to the swordsman and Zen layman Yamaoka Tesshū 山岡鉄舟: 「劍道の極意を何と人問はゝ、墨繪にかきし松風の音」てふ歌は、居士の開悟的劍道の極意なり, the poem "if someone asks what the secret of the sword is: the sound of the pine wind in an ink painting" is the layman's secret of the sword, from his awakening, with the ruby まつかせ (matsukaze) on 松風 ^[8]; a book of 1907 gives him another wording, 劍術の奧義いかにと尋ぬれば墨繪にかきし松風の音, as a poem 其書して人に與へられし, that he wrote out and gave to people ^[38]. John Stevens's The Art of Budo (2022) reproduces a large scroll he captions as brushed by Tesshū, a painted sword with a poem that Stevens renders "Asking for the inner secret of kenjutsu / Is like asking me to brush on an ink painting / The sound of wind in the pines", and traces the image to "a poem by Ikkyu" ^[39]. A story-book of 1886 gives a third to the swordsman 柳生重兵衛, Yagyū Jūbei, whose father in its tale is 但馬守, as his reply to a poem the priest Takuan 澤庵 sent him: 勝事を何にたとへむ言の葉ハ墨繪に書し松風の音, with what words shall I liken winning? the sound of the pine wind in an ink painting, with the ruby まつかぜ on 松風 ^[12]. The 北辰一刀流 school's volumes of 1915 and 1942 carry a near form, …を何と答へん言の葉は墨繪にかきし松風のおと, what shall I answer …, and a sword manual of 1936 gives it as 勝つことを何と答へん, if asked about winning, what shall I answer?, all three read in the library's full-text index ^[40][41][16].
• A death verse. The 北越雪譜 of Suzuki Bokushi (published 1837–42) tells of the priest Kōchi 弘智 (d. 1363), whose body, kept unburied at Saishōji 西生寺 in Echigo, is by the 日本人名大辞典+Plus the oldest surviving 即身仏, a monk's self-mummified body, in Japan ^[42][43]. The passage, quoted under its title, 北越雪譜 二編, in 物集高見's encyclopedia of quotations 広文庫, gives the poem as 辭世とて口碑につたふる歌, a song handed down by word of mouth as his death verse: 岩坂の主を誰ぞと人問はゞ墨繪に書きし松風の音, if someone asks who the master of Iwasaka was: the sound of the pine wind in an ink painting ^[9]. It is a legend, not a verse of 1363, and it was written down before the 北越雪譜: the oldest work found to carry it is the encyclopedia 和漢三才図会 of Terajima Ryōan 寺島良安, prefaced in 1712 ^[44], has an entry 弘智法印ノ枯骸, the remains of Kōchi, in Echigo, which ends 建小堂藏之, a small hall was built to keep it, and then sets, in a cursive line, the words 法印辭世, the death verse of the priest, and the verse; the National Diet Library's text layer reads it 岩坂主は誰そと人こはゝ墨蘇に書し松風の音, and at the leaf I read 岩坂の主ハ at its head and …かきし松風の音 at its foot, the cursive between with doubt. An undated Edo print and the edition of 1824, from the same blocks, both carry it ^[45][46]. 駒井乗邨 (1766–1846) copied into his manuscript miscellany, the 鶯宿雑記, as its volume 284, an abridgment of the 越後名寄, a gazetteer of Echigo that 丸山元純 (1687–1758), a doctor of Teradomari, completed in 宝暦 6 (1756), the abridgment with additions by 秦檍丸 by the catalogue's record; that copy gives the verse to Kōchi as his own: 岩坂のぬしをたれそと人とはゝ墨絵にかきし松風の音 斯詠ス, he composed this ^[47][48][49]. Whether the passage is 丸山's or one of the additions, the copy does not show. 松亭金水 (1795–1862), in his undated manuscript 松亭反故嚢, gives the verse as a death verse handed down, and adds 眞僞はしらず, whether it is true, I do not know ^[50]. By 1822 the legend had a popular illustrated book of its own: the gōkan 『弘智法印嵓阪廼松』 of 墨川亭雪麿, pictured by 歌川国直, opens on a picture captioned 弘智法印入定, Kōchi enters his final meditation, under a cartouche headed 法印辞世 that writes the verse in kana, from 岩坂農 to すみゑにかきし … のおと ^[51].

In English. The earliest English rendering of the poem known to this study is in James S. De Benneville's The Yotsuya Kwaidan (1917), in a tale of the swordsman Yagyū Jūbei: "The heart, how judge it? / An ink sketch of the breeze amid the pines.", with the Japanese in a footnote, Kokoro to wa ikanaru mono wo iu yaran; / Sumie ni kakitsu matsu kaze no oto ^[52]. He reads the word matsu kaze. R. H. Blyth gives the poem among Ikkyu's Doka in Zen and Zen Classics (1962), reading Sumie ni kakishi matsukaze no oto: "The mind,— / What shall we call it? / It is the sound of the breeze / That blows through the pines / In the Indian-ink picture" ^[53].

The sword article 松風之事

One of twelve. The 一刀流, the sword school that names Itō Ittōsai 伊藤一刀斎 and Ono Tadaaki 小野忠明 among its founders, keeps twelve articles of teaching, the 十二箇條; 松風之事 is the eighth in Amdur's count ^[54][11]. A 1903 book of Yamaoka Tesshū's writings, compiled by 安部正人, prints the articles with their commentaries under the heading 一刀流兵法箇條目錄 ^[15]. Three explanations of the school's 松風 are in print, and they do not say the same thing.

1884: let the opponent's surge spend itself. The oldest dated of the three is in the 『劍法秘訣』 of 1884, whose compiler, 廣瀨眞平, says in his preface that it records what Chiba Dōzaburō 千葉道三郎 taught him orally as the teaching of his father Chiba Shūsaku 千葉周作 and his brother 榮次郎 ^[10]. Under the head note 英氣ヲ避テ惰氣ニ乘ス, avoid the surging spirit, ride the slack one, it teaches that when the opponent's spirit is keen and pressing, you keep to your own guard and do not force an attack; his spirit then spends itself and slackens, and you strike into that moment: 我カ流派ニ松風ト称フル劍法則チ是ナリ, this is the sword method our school calls 松風 ^[10]. The print names the school's 松風, not the article or its number, and sets no ruby on 松風.

1902: step out of the matched spirit. The second commentary begins 松風ハ松カ有ル故ニ風アタリテサワガシク, there is the pine wind because there is a pine for the wind to strike, and so it is noisy: if you are the wind, do away with the pine; if you are the pine, do away with the wind; above all, do not fall into 合氣, the spirit matched with the opponent's. It was printed in 1902 as a secret text of the 小野派一刀流, the Ono-ha line of the school, read in the National Diet Library's full-text index ^[54]. In 1903, that book of Tesshū's writings printed it in a shorter form, 松風とは、合氣をはづせと云ふことなり。松に風あれば、さは〳〵して常に合氣なり, 松風 means: slip out of the matched spirit. When there is wind in a pine, it rustles, and is always matched ^[15]. An undated manuscript of the 北辰一刀流, 『北辰一刀流十二個条訳』, carries the same commentary with 相氣 for 合氣, and the 千葉周作遺稿 of 1942 prints it so ^[14][41].

1936: do not be swallowed. A third, in a sword manual of 1936: 此は呑氣を戒めたる事也, this warns against being swallowed: the pine sounds only as the wind blows it, loud in a strong wind and soft in a weak one ^[16].

How the school reads the word. The manuscript of the 北辰一刀流 rubies セウフウ, shōfū, the 松風 that opens the article's commentary, and in the next words the tree 松(マツ)ニ風(カゼ): 松風(セウフウ)トハ相氣(アイキ)ヲハヅセト云ヿナリ ^[14]. A volume of 精神修養逸話の泉, a series of anecdotes for self-cultivation published 1915–21, rubies the article まつかぜ, read in the library's full-text index ^[13]. The sword poems are まつかぜ in 1886 and まつかせ in 1905 ^[12][8]. So the sword article has both readings in its own witnesses, and the poem only matsukaze.

Whose commentary. In English, Ellis Amdur's Hidden in Plain Sight (2018) calls the article Matsukaze no Koto ("The Teaching of the Wind Through the Pines"), the eighth of the twelve, writes that "In Ono-ha Ittō-ryū documents, this is simply listed by name", and gives the 合氣 commentary as Tesshū's, from the 剣禅話 ^[11]. The 剣禅話 is a selection of Tesshū's writings put into modern Japanese by 高野澄 and published in 1971 ^[55][56]; the commentary it renders was printed in 1902 as an Ono-ha text and in 1903 among Tesshū's writings under the school's heading ^[54][15]. So the commentary is the school's, and Tesshū, by Amdur's account, studied both its Hokushin and its Ono-ha lines ^[11]; the Ono-ha text of 1902 is one Ono-ha document that does carry it; and what is told of Tesshū himself and the pine wind is the poem ^[8][38].

The word in English

The word reached English first as a name. Audsley and Bowes's Keramic Art of Japan describes an Owari porcelain plaque of a scene "taken from one of the Japanese dramas, and … termed the 'Pine Wind'" ^[57]. Edwin Arnold's Japonica (1891) tells of "a maiden of low birth named Matsukaze (Pine-breeze)" ^[58]; Henri Joly's Legend in Japanese Art (1908) names the Noh's sisters "Matsukaze (Wind in the Pines) and Murasame (Shower)" ^[59]. Then the dictionaries of 1904 and 1942, Okakura's kettle in 1906, the poem in De Benneville in 1917 and Blyth in 1962, and, for the sword, Amdur's article and Stevens's scroll in 2018 and 2022 ^{[19][20][29][52][53][11][39]}. Every one gives the wind and the pines.

Notes

In the print of 1884, the character after 我 earlier in the same section (我單、我ガ身ノ防衛ヲ事トシ) is read 單 with doubt; nothing in this history rests on it ^[10].

In the print of 1905, the ruby on 松風 is まつかせ, with no voicing mark on か; it is read matsukaze ^[8].

In the same book's tea poem, the こと of いかなることを is printed as a single ligature; it is given here as two kana ^[7].

In the 広文庫's text of 弘智's verse, the two small kana after 問 are worn at the leaf; they are read は with its voiced repeat mark, 問はゞ, as the other tellings write 人とはゝ and 人とはゞ, but the first of them is read with doubt ^[9][47][51].

The commentary on 松風之事 printed as an Ono-ha text in 1902, and the two later books that ruby the article, are read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, whose windows give the words but not the page; the 1884 print, the 1903 print and the manuscript are read at the page ^{[54][13][10][15][14]}.

Japanese Scrolls by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase

松風VB5JBlock

松風VC5JCursive

松風VD5JEri's Choice

松風VS5JSemi-Cursive

Sources not seen

大谷雅夫, 「青頭巾の問い」, 国語国文 75-9 (2006), pp. 33–57, a study of the 證道歌's two lines in the 雨月物語: known from its catalogue record; no open copy was found.

笹森順造, 『一刀流極意』 (1965), the 一刀流's own account of its teaching, which Amdur quotes on 松風; readable only at the National Diet Library: it would show how the school's twentieth-century head read the word aloud.

The pages of the 1902, 1915–21, 1936 and 1942 books named above, which can be read only in Japan: they would show each book's ruby on 松風.

The 越後名寄 itself, in its manuscript copies or in type: it would show whether the 弘智 passage in the 鶯宿雑記's abridgment is 丸山元純's own.

The other early movable-type prints of the 『水鏡』, and 飯塚大展's second article on the book (2010): they would show whether the poem stands in the earliest of them.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

1. 「松風」 (まつかぜ, しょうふう), デジタル大辞泉, 精選版 日本国語大辞典, 普及版 字通, 日本大百科全書 and 改訂新版 世界大百科事典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8-136494
2. 玄覺 撰, 『永嘉證道歌』, T48n2014, p. 396a21, at CBETA. https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/T48n2014_p0396a21
3. 上田秋成, 『雨月物語』, 安永5 (1776), 京都 梅村判兵衛・大坂 野村長兵衛, 青頭巾, canvases 82 and 83, National Institute of Japanese Literature, at the 国書データベース (biblio 200014740). https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/200014740/82
4. 『水鑑』 (一休水鏡), 寛永9 (1632), 中野市右衛門刊行, canvases 5 and 6 (the poem) and 21 (the colophon), National Institute of Japanese Literature, at the 国書データベース (biblio 200043820). https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/200043820/6
5. 宗純, 『水鏡』, 慶長・元和年間 by the catalogue's bracketed date, National Diet Library WA7-206, scan 7. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2532194/1/7
6. 『安心撮要・済生祖訓』, 1880 (明13.6), scan 26 (p. 十九), at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/819154/1/26
7. 田中仙樵, 『茶禅一味』, 1905 (明38.3), 一 茶話抄附錄 (如心齋傳法), p. 278, scan 149, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/823364/1/149
8. 田中仙樵, 『茶禅一味』, 1905 (明38.3), 喫茶法語集, p. 二百一, scan 110, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/823364/1/110
9. 物集高見, 『広文庫』, 第18冊 (the set published 大正5–7, 1916–18, by the catalogue's record), みいら, 弘智法印の枯骸, quoting 北越雪譜 二編, p. 673, scan 359, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/969112/1/359
10. 廣瀨眞平 纂輯, 『劍法秘訣』, 1884 (colophon: 明治十七年九月廿七日板權免許 同年十二月十五日出版), scan 7 (the preface), scan 31 (the 松風 section) and scan 48 (the colophon), at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/859949/1/31
11. Ellis Amdur, Hidden in Plain Sight, revised, expanded edition, Freelance Academy Press, Wheaton, 2018, ch. 11 and note 147 (read in a digital copy without page numbers).
12. 『絵本柳荒美談』, 1886 (明19.5; another issue 明19.11, pid 880248), p. 40, scan 27, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/880245/1/27
13. 高島平三郎 編, 『精神修養逸話の泉』 (published 大正4–10, 1915–21, by the catalogue's record for the set); read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, not at the page. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/954142
14. 『北辰一刀流十二個条訳』, manuscript, undated, National Diet Library 842-48, scan 9. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2538953/1/9
15. 安部正人 編, 『鉄舟随筆』, 1903 (明36.8), 一刀流兵法箇條目錄, pp. 256–257, scan 142, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/782096/1/142
16. 根本通夫, 『剣道要義』, 1936 (昭11); read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, not at the page. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1222845
17. JMdict (EDRDG), entry 1649470, 松風 まつかぜ, しょうふう, release of 26 October 2026. https://www.edrdg.org/jmdict/j_jmdict.html
18. Jin'ichi Konishi, A History of Japanese Literature, vol. 3, The High Middle Ages, Princeton University Press, 1991, p. 197 by the page number the digital copy carries.
19. Ernest Mason Satow and Ishibashi Masakata, An English-Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language, revised by E. M. Hobart-Hampden and H. G. Parlett, 1904, s.v. Wind, read in the text layer, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/englishjapanesed00sato?q=%22in+the+pine-trees%22
20. Takenobu Yoshitarō, ed., Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, American edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1942, s.v. matsukaze, read in the text layer.
21. 「陶弘景」, デジタル大辞泉 and 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%99%B6%E5%BC%98%E6%99%AF-103513
22. 李延壽, 『南史』, 卷76, 列傳第66, 隱逸下, 陶弘景, at Wikisource (no edition named). https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B776
23. 姚思廉, 『梁書』, 卷51, 列傳第45, 處士, 陶弘景, at Wikisource (no edition named). https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B751
24. 『寒山子詩集』, 四庫全書本, at Wikisource; the first line quoted is the poem 字通 cites as 寒山詩 五十. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E5%B1%B1%E5%AD%90%E8%A9%A9%E9%9B%86_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
25. CBETA full-text search, 江月照松風吹: 77 hits. https://cbdata.dila.edu.tw/stable/search?q=%E6%B1%9F%E6%9C%88%E7%85%A7%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E5%90%B9
26. 英朝 著, 『禅林句集』, 増補, 坤, 梶田勘助, 名古屋, 1889 (明22), scan 10, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/899716/1/10
27. 泉鏡花, 『通夜物語』, 1901 (明34.4), p. 99, scan 55, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/904706/1/55
28. 『雨月物語・諸道聴耳世間猿』 (袖珍文庫), 1910 (明43.12), p. 107, scan 61, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/877814/1/61
29. Kakuzō Okakura, The Book of Tea, G. P. Putnam's Sons, London and New York, 1906 (copyright Fox, Duffield & Company), ch. 1, The Cup of Humanity.
30. Sasaki Sanmi, Chadō: The Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac, translated by Shaun McCabe and Iwasaki Satoko, Tuttle, copyright 2002, read in the first paperback edition of 2005.
31. 源徳修 輯, 『撃剣叢談』 巻之一, in 『武術叢書』, 国書刊行会, 1915, p. 163, scan 94, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1764781/1/94
32. 『四巻之書』 (竹林派), 1894, 五 朝嵐松風の事, scan 14, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/859995/1/14
33. 「一休宗純」, デジタル大辞泉, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%80%E4%BC%91%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%94-15378
34. 宗純, 『水かゝみ』, 慶長年間 by the catalogue's bracketed date, National Diet Library WA7-86, scan 7. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2532158/1/7
35. 「一休水鏡」, work 95909, its dated holdings, at the 国書データベース. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/95909
36. 飯塚大展, 「一休に擬せられる仮名草子について」, 印度學佛教學研究 42-2, 1994, pp. 740–744. https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.42.740
37. 典 Ten, 「守破離 · shu ha ri · Keep, Break, Leave」, Takase Studios Library, philology, 2026, § The historical record, 1750–1773. https://takase.com/library/philology/shu-ha-ri
38. 木原通徳, 『冥想法講話 : 精神修養』, 1907 (明40.12), p. 71, scan 47, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/758389/1/47
39. John Stevens, The Art of Budo, Shambhala, Boulder, 2022, the scroll captioned Tesshu Koho brushed with the poem beginning Asking for the inner secret of kenjutsu (read in a digital copy without page numbers).
40. 千葉周作 著, 千葉勝太郎 編, 『劍法秘訣』, published by 千葉勝太郎, 1915; read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, not at the page. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1704136
41. 千葉榮一郎 編, 『千葉周作遺稿』, 櫻華社出版部, 1942, 北辰一刀流十二箇條譯; read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, not at the page. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1907017
42. 「北越雪譜」, デジタル大辞泉 and 精選版 日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8C%97%E8%B6%8A%E9%9B%AA%E8%AD%9C-132667
43. 「弘智」, 日本人名大辞典+Plus, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BC%98%E6%99%BA-1074102
44. 「和漢三才図会」, 精選版 日本国語大辞典 (正徳二年自序、同五年跋) and デジタル大辞泉 (正徳2年成立), at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%92%8C%E6%BC%A2%E4%B8%89%E6%89%8D%E5%9B%B3%E4%BC%9A-153935
45. 寺島良安 編, 『和漢三才図会』, undated Edo print (江戸時代 by the catalogue), the set's volume 49, 越後, 弘智法印ノ枯骸, scan 10, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2596396/1/10
46. 寺島良安 編, 『倭漢三才図会』, 文政7 (1824), 秋田屋太右衛門 ほか, the set's volume 49, scan 10, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2569745/1/10
47. 駒井乗邨 (1766–1846), 『鶯宿雑記』, 巻二百八十四, 越後名寄抄記 (丸山元純 撰, 秦檍丸 補, by the catalogue's record; the volume's heading at scan 50), manuscript, undated, scan 93, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/10303523/1/93
48. 「越後名寄」, 日本歴史地名大系, at kotobank (成立 宝暦六年). https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B6%8A%E5%BE%8C%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%84-3050353
49. 「丸山元純」, 日本人名大辞典+Plus, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%B8%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%83%E7%B4%94-1111776
50. 松亭金水 (1795–1862), 『松亭反故嚢』, volume 1, manuscript, undated, leaf 十七, scan 22, at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2592065/1/22
51. 墨川亭雪麿 作, 歌川国直 画, 『弘智法印嵓阪廼松』, 6 巻, 山本平吉, 文政5 (1822), scan 6 (the frontispiece), at the National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/10301190/1/6
52. James S. De Benneville, The Yotsuya Kwaidan, or O'Iwa Inari, 1917, p. 284 and note 12, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/yotsuyakwaidanor00deberich/page/284
53. R. H. Blyth, Zen and Zen Classics, vol. 5, Hokuseido Press, first published 1962 as vol. 7 and reprinted as vol. 5 in 1966, ch. 21, Ikkyu's Doka, p. 165, read in a printing of 1979.
54. 飯島唯一 編, 『日本武術名家伝』, 1902 (明35.12), 一刀流兵法十二ヶ條; read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, not at the page. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/860435
55. 山岡鉄舟 著, 『剣禅話』, 1971, the catalogue record. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12144960
56. 『実業の日本』, 1971年8月 (剣禅話: 鉄舟の文から重要なものを集め、現代文に訳した), and 『忘れられた殉教者』, 1972 (高野澄 … 主要著書『剣禅話』(編訳)(1971年・徳間書店)); read in the National Diet Library's full-text index, not at the page. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2270283 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12262078
57. George A. Audsley and James L. Bowes, Keramic Art of Japan, edition of 1881, Plate XXVIII, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/keramicartofjapa00auds_1?q=%22Pine+Wind%22
58. Edwin Arnold, Japonica, Scribner, New York, 1891, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/japonica00arno?q=%22Pine-breeze%22
59. Henri L. Joly, Legend in Japanese Art, John Lane, London, 1908, s.v. Yukihira, entry 1109, p. 415, read at the page image, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/legendinjapanese00jolyuoft?q=%22Wind+in+the+Pines%22

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios, LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

Checked · Takase Studios (an address check by script), 2026-11-01, citations — the cited addresses opened and the quoted words looked for at each; two findings, on a two-line note and a reading mark that the text layer had run together, were judged at the page image and the history stands; the addresses the script could not open were read by eye at the page · two fresh-context readers per round (Claude), 2026-11-01, every claim in the page's summary block traced to its source, claim by claim: round 1 FAIL from one reader on a wrong fact (a story told of a fallen monk that the body did not carry), the other passing; round 2 PASS, both; wordings corrected in each round

Research depth: step 3 of our 10-step ladder, foundation complete · November 2026

Cite as: Tim Jackowski and Ten, "Philology of 松風 (matsukaze)," Takase Studios, 2026, https://takase.com/library/philology/matsukaze.