果報は稲で待て kahō wa ine de mate Wait for Good Fortune in the Rice
Abstract
果報は稲で待て, wait for good fortune in the rice, is a pun first known from a comic novel of 1776, Nagaidō Kiyū 永井堂亀友's Seken nakōdo katagi 世間仲人気質, on the common proverb 果報は寝て待て, wait for good fortune asleep, which stands more than a century earlier in a haikai handbook with a preface dated 1638 [1][2][3][4]. In one chapter the narrator doubts the proverb, sets aside an amended form someone had reasoned out, 年で待て, wait by the years, and settles on 稲で待て on an old man's word, with a farmers' saying, next year's fortune, wait for it in this year's rice; then a story proves it: an honest townsman who walks with his head bowed, as a full ear of rice bows, finds a purse holding a winning lottery ticket, seeks out its owner, and is renamed for the saying [1][5][6][7][8][9]. Every later witness known for the 稲 form cites the novel, except one farming magazine of 1917 whose search window shows the farmers' saying with no source named [10][11][12]. As I read it, the pun is the novel's joke, turned on a proverb Edo tales and plays had long put in the mouths of people who would not work, or who wanted the reward without the work, and the counsel under it is meant: bow your head, do honest work, and good fortune comes in its season.
A reading
My reading is that 果報は稲で待て is a writer's joke that carries a real lesson, and that it should be read as both. Its maker is Nagaidō Kiyū 永井堂亀友, a writer of comic character books, who in his novel Seken nakōdo katagi 世間仲人気質 of 1776 took the common proverb 果報は寝て待て, wait for good fortune asleep, and put a near-echo in place of one word: not nete, asleep, but ine de, in the rice [1][5][2]. The joke lies in how he gets there: the chapter doubts nete, sets aside nen de, by the years, which someone had reasoned out, and lands on ine de, each a near-echo of the last, and an old man in the chapter calls the last the true form [1][5]. I read the proverb's own history as the reason the joke worked. From the 日本国語大辞典's first example, a comic tale of 1679, on, 果報は寝て待て had been the line of people in Edo tales and plays who would not work, or who wanted the reward without the work, and a book of worldly tales of 1713 called the man who took asleep literally a fool [13][14][15]. Kiyū himself used the proverb straight in 1762 and teased it in 1770 [16][17]. So he did not invent the doubt; he gave it a punch line. The rice in the punch line is not idle: the old man in the chapter joins it to a saying already in the list of old sayings of Kefukigusa 毛吹草, a haikai handbook with a preface dated 1638, that the bodhisattva bows when he fills and man looks up, and to the image of the full ear that bows its head [5][18]. The farmers' saying he offers as support, next year's fortune, wait for it in this year's rice, I take to be part of the joke's machinery, since no witness of it is known that does not lead back to the novel, though the search window of a magazine of 1917 shows it with no source named, and a farmers' saying of that shape is not impossible [6][10][12]. The novel's own claim, that the rice form is the original and the sleeping form a slip, is the joke and not a fact about the proverb, which stands with asleep in a book whose preface is dated 1638 [4][19]. The senses and the readings set beside this one, the proverb as Buddhist patience and as idler's excuse, are in the Overview.
Overview
The sense. 果報は寝て待て, the proverb the pun turns, means in the 精選版 日本国語大辞典's words 幸運は自然とやって来るのを気長に待つべきだ、あせらないで待てばいつかは必ずやって来る、ということ, good fortune comes of itself, so wait for it patiently, and if you do not hurry it will surely come; デジタル大辞泉 gives 幸福の訪れは人間の力ではどうすることもできないから、焦らずに時機を待て, the coming of happiness is beyond human power, so do not fret and wait for the time [3]. The same entry in ことわざを知る辞典 explains 果報 as the return, good or bad, of what was done in a former life, a word that in Japanese has come mostly to mean a good return [3]. Lafcadio Hearn, in 1899, gave the Buddhist reading a sentence: In a strictly Buddhist sense it would mean, "Do not be too eager for the reward of good deeds" [20]. The idler's sense is the one comic writers used it in from the 1670s on: a man quotes it to excuse not working [13][14]. 果報は稲で待て keeps the waiting and moves where to look for the fortune: in the rice, in this year's crop, which, the novel says, farmers read for the next year's luck, and in the ear that bows as it fills, which the chapter makes a lesson in humility [5][6]. The Ō Nihon kokugo jiten 大日本国語辞典 of 1919 explains the farmers' form in that first sense: next year's joys and hardships are foreseen from this year's rice harvest, good or poor [11].
The words. 果報 kahō, in Buddhist use the fruit of one's deeds, the 日本国語大辞典's first sense, and in common use good fortune, its second [21]; は wa, the topic marker; 稲 ine, rice, the plant in the field; で de, in or by; 待て mate, wait, the imperative. The turn is a near-echo: 寝て nete, asleep, becomes 稲で ine de, by way of 年で nen de, by the years [1]. The 1776 leaf writes 果報は稲で待 in the old man's speech and 果報ハ稲て待, with the reading まて beside 待, in the story [5][7]. Edo kana write the proverb's first word くわほう, as the 1770 leaf does beside 果報 [17]; it is read kahō today.
The text in English. No English rendering of 果報は稲で待て is known; wait for good fortune in the rice is this history's. The proverb it turns has a line of renderings from the Meiji bilingual dictionaries on: Brinkley's dictionary of 1896 gives retribution comes upon him who lies down and waits [22], Hearn in 1899 If you wish for good luck, sleep and wait [20], and Okada in 1958 Lie and wait for good fortune [23]. JMdict gives good things come to those who wait [24].
The historical record
The proverb before the novel
1638, the haikai handbook Kefukigusa 毛吹草, an anonymous hokku. Among the butterfly verses of the spring section stands 寝て待し果報か花に飛こてふ, was it the good fortune I waited for asleep, the butterfly flying among the flowers?, signed 同, the same as the verse before it, which is signed 作者不知, author unknown [4]. The book's preface is dated 寛永十五年, 1638, and the copy read is a later impression of that printing [19][4]. A hokku that turns the saying presumes it known: the sleeping form was current by then. The 日本国語大辞典 cites the 毛吹草 (1638) for the proverb, in brackets before its first example, of 1679 [3].
1679, Tōsei karukuchi banashi zoroe 当世軽口咄揃, a book of comic tales. The 日本国語大辞典's first example [3]. Told to take up a trade or a craft, an honest fool answers, as the 日本国語大辞典 quotes the tale: むかしよりの世話にも、果報は寝てまて、天道は人をころさずといふ事があるからはとて, "since the saying from of old goes, wait for good fortune asleep, Heaven does not kill a man" [3]; and, in the 1975 edition of the text as the National Diet Library's search window gives it, すこしも聞いれず、あけくれ居喰にする, he would not listen at all, and ate day and night without working [13]. He sells everything he owns, goes days without food, and on the point of fainting cries, in the same window of the 1975 edition, やれ天道が人をころす, Look, Heaven is killing a man! [13]. The book is dated 延宝七年, 1679 [25].
1685, Shusse Kagekiyo 出世景清, a puppet play by Chikamatsu Monzaemon 近松門左衛門. The play was first staged at the Takemoto theater in Osaka in 1685, and in it the warrior Kagekiyo is taken on the word of the brother of his mistress Akoya [26]. The brother comes home from worship at Kitano, with a notice posted offering a reward for Kagekiyo, dead or alive, calls his sister to his side, and says: 是を見よ誠に果報は寢てまてとや, look at this: truly, they say, wait for good fortune asleep [27]. Here the proverb is the excuse for taking the reward without the work, at the cost of a betrayal.
1700, the kyōgen Mikazuki 箕被, in the Zoku kyōgenki 続狂言記, a printed collection of kyōgen texts. A husband who has neglected his fields for linked verse answers his wife: 貧福は自然の物なり。果報は寢て待てと云ふことがある, poverty and wealth come as they come; there is the saying, wait for good fortune asleep [14]. The Zoku kyōgenki was printed in 元禄十三年, 1700 [28][29].
1706, Wakan kogen 和漢古諺, a book of proverbs compiled by Kaibara Ekiken 貝原益軒. Its kana list, as the 1910 edition of Ekiken's works prints it in the National Diet Library's search window, sets the proverb beside the one the 1679 fool quotes with it: くわほうはねてまて。てんたう人をころさす, wait for good fortune asleep. Heaven does not kill a man [30]. The book is dated 宝永三年, 1706 [31][32].
1713, Nippon shin eitaigura 日本新永代蔵, a book of worldly tales (浮世草子) by Hōjō Dansui 北条団水, modelled on Ihara Saikaku 井原西鶴's 日本永代蔵. Early in the chapter the book reads the proverb against the idler: 誠に心暗き者の云分に、果報はねて待とあれば、さのみ人に勝れて稼ぐべきにもあらず, it is the talk of the truly dim that, since the saying goes, wait for good fortune asleep, there is no need to work harder than others; the saying meant 只果報を長く待よ, only wait long for good fortune, and to take it as sleep and so idle body and mind is 偖々愚痴の至りぞかし, the height of folly [15]. The book is dated 正徳三年, 1713 [33][34].
The novelist and the proverb
1762, Fūryū mushi kassen 風流虫合戦, by Nagaidō Kiyū. Fourteen years before the pun, Kiyū uses the proverb straight: 誠に時節到来果報ハ寝て待とは理や, truly the time had come; "wait for good fortune asleep" was right [16][35].
1770, Fūryū chajin katagi 風流茶人気質, by Nagaidō Kiyū. Six years before it, he quibbles with it: 昔より果報ハ寐て待てと云世俗のたとへあれども其様に寐て斗居ても, from of old there is the common saying, wait for good fortune asleep, but even if one only lies asleep like that [17][36].
1776: rice, not sleep
1776, Seken nakōdo katagi 世間仲人気質, by Nagaidō Kiyū, a book of comic character stories, book 5, chapter 1. The book is dated 安永五年, 1776 [2]. The chapter opens: 夫世乃諺に果報ハ寝て待といふ事あれども是ハちとすめぬたとゑ, now, the world's proverb says, wait for good fortune asleep, but this is a saying that does not quite make sense [1]. He reports an amended form someone had reasoned out, 年でまて, wait by the years, and finds it, too, a little off [1][5]; in the words of the 1895 typeset of the chapter, 理屈を付た人ありしが。是も又少しあたらず, there was one who reasoned it so; but this too is a little off [9]. An old man settles it: asked why asleep is the doubtful version and 稲で待 the true one, he answers 稲といふ物ハ実が入るとうつむくなり, rice is a thing that bows its head when its grain fills [5]. And, the narrator adds, 百性家の古説に来年の果報ハ今年の稲て待といふも古きたとへに有となん, they say that among the old sayings of farmers is also this one: next year's fortune, wait for it in this year's rice [6]. Then the story: 果報ハ稲て待と云わけを得心したる律義な男松屋退九郎といふ町人あり, there was a townsman named 松屋退九郎, an honest man who had taken to heart the meaning of "wait for good fortune in the rice" [7]; 此退九郎稲て待と云諺乃おしへを常々わすれず, this 退九郎 never forgot the teaching of the proverb "wait in the rice", and walked with his eyes down [37][9]. At the year's end, with a plan agreed to sell his daughter to the pleasure quarter, he finds a purse by a gate holding a pawn ticket and a lottery ticket that has drawn the top prize; he will not claim it, finds the owner, a masterless samurai, through the pawnshop, and the two collect the prize together, as the man had meant to split it with its owner [9]. The families join, the owner rises in a lord's service, and the honest man becomes a retainer on a stipend, 今ハ知行取に成て果報稲女之進殿と改名有し, now a stipended retainer, he changed his name to 果報稲女之進 [8]. The new name is built on the saying.
Another invented origin, in the same era
The 安永 years, Makoto shichihyaku monogatari 誠七百物語, by Kōkodō 高古堂, a Kyoto book of comic tales. Another writer of the same years made up a past for the sleeping form: in 佐渡の国ひるね郡熟寝村, the village of Sound Sleep in the district of Nap, in the province of Sado, a man inherits the estates of the whole village's leading houses on his own, and 果報ハねてまてといふ事是より始りけるとなん, they say the saying "wait for good fortune asleep" began from this [38]. The book bears no date; its modern editors place it in the 安永 years, in or after 安永二年, 1773, from an advertisement at its end [39][40]. Whether it came before or after 1776 is not known.
After the novel
1910, the proverb dictionary Gengo daijiten 諺語大辞典. It enters the farmers' form, 来年の果報は今年の稲で待つ, and gives as its only source 仲人氣質, book 5, with the chapter's words [10].
1917, a farming magazine. An article in its April number, read in the National Diet Library's search window, shows the farmers' form, 來年の果報は今年の稻で待つ, as the window reads it, with no source named in the window [12].
1919, the dictionary Ō Nihon kokugo jiten 大日本国語辞典. It enters the farmers' form as a proverb, explains it as next year's fortunes foreseen from this year's harvest, and quotes 仲人氣質 as its source [11].
What is not a source
The 稲 form is not the origin of the sleeping form: the sleeping form stands in a book whose preface is dated 1638, and the 稲 form is not known before 1776 [4][5]. The verse 実るほど頭の下がる稲穂かな, the fuller the ear of rice, the lower it bows, uses the same image, and this library's history of it reads the 1776 chapter as one of its witnesses; neither is the source of the other here [41]. The bodhisattva saying the old man joins to the rice is older than the novel, in the 毛吹草's list of old sayings, ほさつみがいれはうつふく, にんげんみがいれはあをのく, the bodhisattva, when he fills, bows; man, when he fills, looks up [18].
The proverb in English
1896, F. Brinkley's An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary, p. 811. Under Kwahō: Kwahō wa nete mate, … retribution comes upon him who lies down and waits; don't be overanxious to get a good fortune (Tout vient à celui qui sait attendre) [22]. It reads the Buddhist sense, retribution, and the patient one, with the French all comes to him who knows how to wait.
1899, Lafcadio Hearn, In Ghostly Japan, p. 183. In his list of Buddhist proverbs: Kwahō wa, nétè matè. If you wish for good luck, sleep and wait, with the note that 果報, a purely Buddhist term, signifying good fortune as the result of good actions in a previous life, has come to mean in common parlance good fortune of any kind, and that the proverb is often used in a sense similar to that of the English saying: "Watched pot never boils" [20].
1958, Rokuo Okada, Japanese Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases, p. 80. Kahō wa nete mate. Lie and wait for good fortune. Okada adds that nete … is sometimes replaced by nette (from the verb, neru, to cultivate one's skill), and finds that more logical: "Fortune comes to those who wait for it after cultivating their skill and ability" [23]. A near-echo again, as in the novel, puts work back into the proverb.
Today. JMdict enters 果報は寝て待て as a proverb, good things come to those who wait, and has no entry for 果報は稲で待て [24]. Wait for good fortune in the rice keeps the rice and the waiting; the pun on nete does not cross into English, and a rendering that wants it has to say it.
Notes
The 1679 tale's words are given as the 日本国語大辞典 quotes them, since its leaf is not on hand (Sources not seen) and the modern editions differ in the National Diet Library's search windows: the 1975 edition's window reads 果報寝てまて, without は, and 天道ハ, からハ; the 1987 edition's reads 『果報は寝てまて』 [13][42].
The 1776 leaf writes 稲て待 without the voicing mark in the farmers' saying and in the story, and 百性 for 百姓 [6][7]. The 1776 quotations keep the leaf's kana (ハ, 乃, ゑ) and its 有 where a typeset might print あり; the rice character is printed 稲, though in the leaf's cursive 稲 cannot be told from 稻 [1][6][8]. The reading beside the hero's new name is partly unclear on the leaf; it reads くわほう beside 果報 and いな beside 稲 [8].
The 日本国語大辞典 dates the 毛吹草 by its preface, 1638 [3][19]. The title 日本新永代蔵 is read Nippon in the デジタル大辞泉 and Nihon in the catalogue of the National Institute of Japanese Literature [33][34]; the title 大日本国語辞典 is read as the National Diet Library catalogues it, Ō Nihon. The 1910 dictionary is the work of 藤井乙男, and the 1919 one of 上田万年 and 松井簡治 [10][11].
Japanese Scrolls by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase
Sources not seen
The 1679 Tōsei karukuchi banashi zoroe 当世軽口咄揃 in the copy held by the 天理図書館 (Tenri Central Library), the copy the 1975 edition follows; the one imaged copy, at Rikkyō University's Edogawa Ranpo collection, lacks the part of book 4 that holds the tale (NIJL work 1476160, https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/1476160). It would settle the proverb's exact form in the earliest tale that quotes it.
The article in 日本農業雑誌, April 1917, National Diet Library pid 1551614, scan 55, served only in Japan. It would settle whether the farmers' form stood in a farming source apart from the novel.
A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.
References
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- 金子和正 ほか編, 『浪華粋人伝』, 1983, 解題 (金子和正, 大谷篤蔵) on 誠七百物語, scan 192, at the National Diet Library (served in Japan only). https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12456421/1/192
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- Takase Studios, Philology library, 実るほど頭の下がる稲穂かな minoru hodo atama no sagaru inaho kana. https://takase.com/library/philology/minoru-hodo-atama-no-sagaru-inaho-kana
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