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風林火山 fūrinkazan Wind, Forest, Fire, Mountain

風林火山 (fūrinkazan) names four lines of Sun Tzu that Takeda Shingen 武田信玄 carried on his banner. The banners write the forest line with 徐, slow, and the chronicle that tells their story writes 靜, still. This study follows both, and the name, which the National Diet Library's full text first shows in 1902.

Japanese Scroll of Wind, Forest, Fire, Mountain (fūrinkazan) — Calligraphy by Eri Takase
Wind, Forest, Fire, Mountain風林火山fūrinkazan

Original art by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase

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Abstract

風林火山, fūrinkazan, is the four-character name for a line of the Chinese military classic 孫子, swift as the wind, 徐 as the forest, raiding like fire, unmoving as the mountain, which Takeda Shingen 武田信玄 carried on his banners. The banners that survive, as every description and drawing of them in this history records, write the forest line with 徐, the classic's word, which its commentators read as slow and in order; the 甲陽軍鑑, the chronicle that tells the banner's story, writes 靜, still, and a Meiji commentator called that a misreading born of the two characters sharing one Japanese reading, しずか. The hand on the banner was the temple's to tell: in 1785 its monks named 柏堂, a disciple of the abbot Kaisen Jōki 快川紹喜, and by 1814 the province's gazetteer gave it, as hearsay, to Kaisen himself. The name 風林火山 is in the army's history of 1902, and in the National Diet Library's full text it is rare before 1950 and common from the decade of Inoue Yasushi 井上靖's novel of 1953–54.

Overview

The sense. 風林火山 has two senses in the dictionaries, the line and the banner. デジタル大辞泉: 武田信玄の軍旗に書かれた「孫子」の句「疾はやきこと風の如く、徐しずかなること林の如く、侵おかし掠かすめること火の如く、動かざること山の如し」の略。また、その軍旗の称, the abbreviation of the line of the 孫子 written on Takeda Shingen's banner, swift as the wind, quiet as the forest, raiding and plundering like fire, unmoving as the mountain; also the name of that banner [1]. 精選版日本国語大辞典: 武田信玄が軍旗に用いた「孫子」の句「疾如風、徐如林、侵掠如火、不動如山」を略称したもの, a short name for the line of the 孫子 that Takeda Shingen used on his banner [1]. JMdict: as fast as the wind, as quiet as the forest, as daring as fire, and immovable as the mountain [2].

The words. The line is in the 孫子's seventh chapter, 軍爭, the contest of armies: 故其疾如風，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不動如山，難知如陰，動如雷震, so it is swift as the wind, 徐 as the forest, raiding and plundering like fire, unmoving as the mountain, hard to know as the dark, moving like thunder [3]. 風林火山 keeps the first four of the six similes. 疾 is swift; 侵掠, to invade and plunder; 不動, not to move. The word the history turns on is 徐. The commentators collected in the 十一家注孫子 read it as pace and order: 杜牧 writes 徐，緩也。言緩行之時，須有行列如林木也, 徐 is slow: when marching slowly, keep ranks like the trees of a wood, and 梅堯臣 writes 如林之森然不亂也, like a forest, dense and unbroken [4]. Japanese reads the line in its own words, and gives 徐 the reading しずか, as the デジタル大辞泉 prints it [1]. しずか is also the reading of 靜, still, quiet, and the two characters meet in that one Japanese word. 風林火山 is read ふうりんかざん, in the old spelling フウリンクヮザン [1].

The text in English. Calthrop, who had first published the book in Tokyo in 1905, wrote your march calm like the forest in 1908, and noted that the passage was written on Takeda Shingen's standard [5][6]. Translators working from the Chinese gave 徐 a pace or a bearing: compactness (Giles, 1910) [6], in leisurely march, majestic as the forest (Griffith, 1963) [7]. Quiet comes in with the Japanese reading: Sato's English of the 日本外史 (1995) gives quiet as a forest, and JMdict today gives as quiet as the forest [8][2].

The historical record

The 孫子, chapter 軍爭. The six similes stand in the chapter on the contest of armies, after the sentence that an army is founded on deception and moves for advantage, and before the passage on drums and banners [3]. The 孫子 was in Japan by 760, when the 続日本紀 records it under 天平宝字4 [9].

1656. The 甲陽軍鑑. The 甲陽軍鑑 is a chronicle of the Takeda house, said to rest on the words of Kōsaka Masanobu 高坂昌信 and compiled before 1621, most likely by Obata Kagenori 小幡景憲; the dictionaries note its errors of date and fact and the old doubt that it is what it claims to be [10]. Its printing of 1656 lists six banners of Shingen's, and one is the line, each phrase its own item, 其疾如風, 其静如林, 侵掠如火, 不動如山, with 静 rubied シヅカナルコト, and after it 是ハ黒地ニ金ニテ四ツの語を書給ふ旗ハ四方也, these four phrases he wrote in gold on a black ground; the banner is square; it goes on, 川中嶋合戦から此旗をなさるゝ, he made this banner from the battle of Kawanakajima [11]. On the next leaf the chronicle adds that for the campaign into eastern Mino the Buddha's words 天上天下 唯我獨尊 were put on the banner beside the four [11]. Earlier in the same print, in Shingen's dying instructions, the banner has its name twice in one sentence, in kana and in kanji: 我そんしのはた, my そんし banner, is among those not to be carried, and then, for his grandson's first campaign, 尊師(ソンシ)の旗(ハタ)斗(バカリ)殘(ノコ)し, keep only the 尊師 banner [11]. The 甲陽軍鑑 writes 静 for the 孫子's 徐, and it writes the banner's name 尊師 with the reading of 孫子, sonshi.

1709 and 1737. Arai Hakuseki's 本朝軍器考. The scholar Arai Hakuseki 新井白石, under his name 君美, wrote of banner loops in his study of arms and armor: 但シ。孫子(ソンシ)ノ旗ナドイフ物ハ。韋(ヲシカハ)ヲ以テ乳(チ)ツクレルナリ, but on things like the so-called 孫子 banner the loops are made of leather [12]. He names the banner and its leather loops and quotes none of its words. The book carries a preface dated 1709 and was printed in 1737 [12][13]; the dictionaries, which give it to Hakuseki, date its printing 1736 and 1740 [14].

1763 to 1768. Aoki Kon'yō, at 雲峯寺. The scholar Aoki Kon'yō 青木昆陽 recorded the banner at a temple in Kai: 甲州荻原村雲峯寺に。武田信玄孫子の旗あり, at 雲峯寺 in 荻原 village in Kai there is Takeda Shingen's 孫子 banner, and of it, 疾如風。徐如林。侵掠如火。不動如山と云ふ文字ありて。紺地文金銀なり, it carries the words 疾如風, 徐如林, 侵掠如火, 不動如山, on a dark blue ground in gold and silver [15]. His 昆陽漫録 was written from 1763, with continuations of 1766 and 1768 [16]. This is the oldest dated description of a surviving banner in this history, and it writes 徐.

1785 and 1786. The temple in Edo, and 柏堂. About the winter of 1785 the abbot of 雲峯寺 brought the banners to Edo, and the shogunate's scholar of court and military custom, Ise Sadaharu 伊勢貞春, set down what the temple's monks said, in the compilation of arms and armor the shogunate ordered from him in 1796 [17][18]: 天明五年冬比雲峯寺住職旗馬験ヲ江戸ニ持来ル之刻寺僧説如此, when, about the winter of 天明5, the abbot of 雲峯寺 brought the banners and standards to Edo, the temple's monks told it thus, and after the count of the banners, 此手跡ハ信玄在世ノ頃甲州恵林寺之住職快川國師之弟子柏堂和尚之筆也ト云, this hand, they say, is the brush of the priest 柏堂, disciple of Kaisen, abbot of 恵林寺 in Kai in Shingen's lifetime [17]. Which banners this hand covers, the sentence does not say. A drawing made in Edo the next summer settles it for the 孫子 banner: in a manuscript miscellany, the 朝陽館漫筆抄, a drawing dated 天明六丙子歳六月, the sixth month of 1786, shows the banner in two columns, 疾如風徐如林侵 and 掠如火不動如山, with 地紺字金, dark blue ground, gold letters, and the label 柏堂和尚書, written by the priest 柏堂, on the banner itself [19]. 柏堂 is 柏堂景森, who followed Kaisen as abbot of 崇福寺 in Gifu: a history of Mino of 1924 lists the temple's abbots 三世快川紹喜、四世柏堂景森 [20].

1800. Matsudaira Sadanobu's 集古十種. The catalogue of antiquities compiled under Matsudaira Sadanobu 松平定信 draws the 孫子 banner among the Takeda banners: its heading reads 小畑勘兵衛家藏武田家旗圖, a Takeda banner kept by the house of 小畑勘兵衛, with the note 以雲峯寺所藏補寫之, what is missing supplied from the one kept at 雲峯寺, and the 孫子 banner is drawn 地紺綃文字金箔, dark blue silk ground, letters in gold leaf, with 徐 [21][22].

1801. A banner at Nagoya. Hashimoto Tsuneakira 橋本経亮's 橘窓自語 describes a banner of Shingen's kept at a Nagoya temple whose priest was said to be of Shingen's kin: 其旗の文、其疾如風、其徐如林、侵掠如火、不動如山。孫子の語をかけり、旗に神號佛名をかけるは多し、かやうなるは希なり, its words are 其疾如風, 其徐如林, 侵掠如火, 不動如山, written from the 孫子; banners with the names of gods and buddhas are many, but one like this is rare [23][24].

1814. The 甲斐国志. The gazetteer of Kai province, completed in 1814 under Matsudaira Sadamasa 松平定能 and said to have been compiled on the shogunate's order [25], says two things of the banner. Its entry for 雲峯寺 lists the temple's Takeda banners and among them 孫子ニ所謂疾如風徐如林侵掠如火不動如山ノ語ヲ書スル旗九旒, nine banners bearing the words, as the 孫子 has them, 疾如風徐如林侵掠如火不動如山, with no name for the banner and no hand [26]. Its appendix of drawings heads the banner 孫子ノ旗ト稱ス 今存者九旒, called the 孫子 banner; nine survive, describes it 地絹二幅紺 文字金粉兩面, ground of silk, two widths, dark blue; letters in gold powder, both faces, draws the line in two columns with 徐, counts 洗革ノ乳都合二十八, loops of washed leather, twenty-eight in all, and adds 傳ヘ云孫子ノ語慧林寺快川國師ノ所書ナリ, it is handed down that the words of the 孫子 were written by the National Teacher Kaisen of 慧林寺 [27]. Twenty-eight years after the temple named 柏堂, the gazetteer gives the hand, as hearsay, to Kaisen.

1827, printed by 1844. Rai San'yō's 日本外史. Rai San'yō 頼山陽 completed his history of the warrior houses in 1827, and it was printed about 1836–37 [28]. In a print of 1844 its chapter on the Takeda reads 嘗以孫子語。書其旗曰。不動如山。侵掠如火。其靜如林。其疾如風, he once wrote the words of the 孫子 on his banner: unmoving as the mountain, raiding like fire, still as the forest, swift as the wind, and goes on to an exchange with his general 馬場信房 on whether the wind, swift as it is, does not drop as soon as it rises [29]. The 日本外史 writes 靜, and it sets the four lines in reverse order. San'yō himself, in a preface printed among his posthumous writings in 1879, quotes the banner as 信玄氏有旗、書孫子其疾如風、其徐如林, with 徐 and in the 孫子's order, and tells the same exchange [30].

1848, printed 1893. The 甲斐叢記. Ōmori Kaian 大森快庵's topography of Kai, compiled in 1848 and its later volumes printed in 1893 [31], draws the banner with 徐 and writes 孫子ノ語ハ慧林寺快川國師ノ書セシナリト云傳フ, it is handed down that the words of the 孫子 were written by the National Teacher Kaisen of 慧林寺 [32].

1869. 名将言行録. Okaya Shigezane 岡谷繁実's sayings and deeds of famous generals tells the story another way: 晴信孫子ノ旗四本ヲ作ル、其疾如風、其徐如林、侵掠如火、不動如山ト云語也, Harunobu made four 孫子 banners, with the words 其疾如風, 其徐如林, 侵掠如火, 不動如山, and has the exchange on the wind take place when the first, 其疾如風ノ四字ヲ染付テ, with the four characters 其疾如風 dyed on it, was shown to his generals [33]. Four banners, one line each, and 徐.

1884. 武田三代軍記. The war romance of three generations of the Takeda, printed in 1884, retells the 甲陽軍鑑's story, Kawanakajima and the Buddha's words added, and writes the banner 黒地ニ金ニテ其疾如風、其徐如林、侵掠如火、不動如山, in gold on black, with 徐 [34].

1889. A banner at the prefectural office. An official touring Kai in 1889 saw at the prefectural office in Kōfu two gold-lettered banners held by a family named 雨宮, one of them 紺地ニ金泥ニテ其疾如風、其徐如林, dark blue ground, gold paint, 其疾如風, 其徐如林, and so worn that it 剝損シテ悉ク讀ム可ラス, is damaged and cannot all be read [35].

1893 and 1895. Kaisen, copied, then flat. A historical journal of 1893 prints the banner from 雲峯寺 with the 甲斐国志's words: 孫子ノ旗ト稱ス, the twenty-eight loops, and 傳ヘ云孫子ノ語慧林寺快川國師ノ所書ナリ [36]. A commentary on the 日本外史 printed in 1895 draws the same banner, 武田家孫子之旗圖, with the line in two columns and 徐, and labels it 慧林寺快川國師之, of the National Teacher Kaisen of 慧林寺, with no it is handed down [37].

1898. Kondō Gensui on 靜. Kondō Gensui 近藤元粋, who had edited San'yō's posthumous writings, glosses the 日本外史's line in his commentary of 1898: 孫子ニ靜ヲ徐ニ作ル。ユル〱スル義。邦訓倶ニシヅカト訓ズル故ニ妄解セシナリ, the 孫子 writes 徐 for 靜: it means slowly. Because Japanese reads both シヅカ, it has been misread, and of the reversed order, 其序次マデ顛倒錯亂セリ, it has even turned the order upside down [38][30].

1902. The army's history names it 風林火山. The General Staff's history of the battle of 三方原 writes 信玄ハ資性深沈ニシテ權略アリ孫子ノ風林火山, then in small type the four lines 其疾如風、其徐如林、侵掠如火、不動如山, then ヲ愛シテ常用ノ旌旗ニ大書シ, Shingen, deep of nature and rich in stratagem, loved the 風林火山 of the 孫子 and wrote it large on the banners he always used [39]. 風林火山 stands in the sentence as the name of the four lines, glossed beneath. It is the oldest dated item for 風林火山 in the National Diet Library's full text [40].

1912. 恵林寺's own list. The temple where Kaisen was abbot, listing its treasures in 1912, names 信玄公軍旗二旒, two war banners of Lord Shingen, with a note in small type: 一は孫子之旗 一は諏訪明神, one the 孫子 banner, one 諏訪明神 [41]. The same list names a work in Kaisen's hand, 快川國師書 一幀; for the banner it names no hand [41].

1914. The name read aloud. A book of Japanese heroes rubies the banner's two names in one phrase: 孫子の旗(そんしのはた)—風林火山(ふうりんくわざん)の文字, the 孫子 banner, the characters 風林火山 [42].

1953 to 1955. Inoue Yasushi. Inoue Yasushi's novel 『風林火山』 ran monthly in the magazine 小説新潮 from October 1953 to December 1954 and was published as a book in 1955 [43][44][45]. In the National Diet Library's full text in October 2026, 風林火山 returns 18 items from before 1950, 424 from the 1950s and 1,900 from the 1960s [40]. The film of 1969 and the television drama of 2007 were made from the novel [1].

Today. The banners kept. Yamanashi Prefecture designated two banners named 孫子の旗 as cultural properties on 18 September 1980, one at 雲峰寺 and one at 恵林寺 [46]. The city of Yamanashi designated a third, privately held, in 1987, and its record transcribes 「疾如風 徐如林 侵掠如火 不動如山」の文字が金泥で大書, the characters written large in gold paint, and says the banner is said to have been written by Kaisen Jōki: 快川紹喜に書かせたものと伝えられています [47].

What is not a source. The 甲陽軍鑑's 天上天下唯我獨尊 is the Buddha's birth saying and not part of the 孫子's line, though the chronicle and the war romance put it on the same banner [11][34]. The exchange with 馬場信房 is the 日本外史's and San'yō's preface's; 名将言行録 tells it at another occasion [29][30][33].

風林火山 in English

1908. E. F. Calthrop, The Book of War. Let your attack be swift as the wind; your march calm like the forest; your occupation devastating as fire. In defence, as a mountain rest firm, and a footnote: This passage was written on the standard of Takeda Shingen, one of Japan's most famous generals [5]. Calm is near the Japanese reading しずか.

1910. Lionel Giles, The Art of War. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest, and he argues the word in his note: Meng Shih comes nearer to the mark in his note: "When slowly marching, order and ranks must be preserved" … But natural forest do not grow in rows, whereas they do generally possess the quality of density or compactness [6]. He does not name Shingen.

1963. Samuel B. Griffith, The Art of War. When campaigning, be swift as the wind; in leisurely march, majestic as the forest; in raiding and plundering, like fire; in standing, firm as the mountains, with the footnote Adopted as his slogan by the Japanese warrior Takeda Shingen [7]. His appendix on Sun Tzu's influence in Japan says Shingen had his battle banners embroidered with Sun Tzu's phrases 'Swift as the wind', 'Calmly majestic as the forest', 'Plundering like fire', 'Steady as the mountains' [7]. Embroidered is an error: every description of the letters in this history has them in gold, or gold and silver, as leaf, paint or powder, or dyed [11][15][21][27][35][33].

1995. Hiroaki Sato, Legends of the Samurai. Translating the 日本外史, Sato keeps its order and its 靜: Immovable as a mountain, destructive as fire, quiet as a forest, swift as a wind, and his note gives the 孫子 as quiet as a forest and says San'yō somehow reverses the order of the listing [8].

Today. JMdict gives as fast as the wind, as quiet as the forest, as daring as fire, and immovable as the mountain [2]. A rendering keeps the four similes in the 孫子's order. Still and quiet follow the Japanese reading しずか, which both 徐 and 靜 take; slow, compact and majestic follow 徐 as the Chinese commentators read it.

A reading

The cloth and the story disagree on one character, and the disagreement is older than the name. Every banner described or drawn from 1763 on writes 徐, the 孫子's word for an army moving slowly and in order, and the 甲陽軍鑑, which gave the banner its story, wrote 靜. I read the chronicle's 静 as Kondō Gensui read the 日本外史's: the Japanese reading しずか carried its own character into a text written from memory and speech, and the line on the cloth stayed the 孫子's. So the forest of the banner is a forest that keeps its ranks; the forest of the story is a forest that keeps still, and Japanese has always heard both in the one word しずか. The attribution moved the same way the reading did, toward the more famous name: the temple's monks named 柏堂 in 1785, and within thirty years the gazetteer had Kaisen. Signed, 典.

Notes

柏堂's reading. No dictionary at kotobank has an entry for 柏堂景森, and the reading of his name is not given here [20].

The figures differ. The 甲斐国志 gives the 雲峯寺 banner's length as 壹丈貳尺貳寸五分 and the 1893 journal as 壹丈貳尺四寸五分, with the same twenty-eight loops; the 1786 drawing gives 長壹丈二尺一寸 [26][27][36][19].

The 1786 date. The manuscript writes 天明六丙子歳; the cyclical sign of 天明6 is 丙午 [19].

Sources not seen

山本英二, 「風林火山の記憶と由緒 — 近世前期甲斐国雲峯寺・恵林寺の勧化を事例にして」, in 青柳周一 他編 『近世の宗教と社会 1 地域の広がりと宗教』 (2008), recorded in CiNii Research (https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1020282257427394690), a study of how the two temples told the banner's story in their early modern fundraising; it could change this history's account of when, and to whom, the temples gave the hand.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

  1. 「風林火山」, デジタル大辞泉・精選版日本国語大辞典・四字熟語を知る辞典・デジタル大辞泉プラス, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/風林火山-616084
  2. JMdict (EDRDG), 風林火山, at jisho. https://jisho.org/search/風林火山
  3. 『孫子兵法』, 軍爭第七, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/孫子兵法
  4. 『十一家注孫子』, 軍爭篇, at Wikisource. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/十一家注孫子/軍爭篇
  5. E. F. Calthrop, The Book of War: The Military Classic of the Far East, John Murray, London, 1908, p. 42, at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/bookofwarmilitar00suntuoft
  6. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Lionel Giles, 1910, chapter VII, §§ 17–18, at Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/132
  7. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Samuel B. Griffith, Oxford University Press, 1963, p. 106 and pp. 172–173, read on the house's shelf; the record at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/artofwargriff00sunz
  8. Hiroaki Sato, Legends of the Samurai, Overlook Press, Woodstock, N.Y., 1995, the chapter on Takeda Shingen and its note 29, read on the house's shelf; the record at the Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/legendsofsamurai0000sato
  9. 「孫子」, 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 and others, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/孫子-90609
  10. 「甲陽軍鑑」, 精選版日本国語大辞典 and 日本大百科全書, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/甲陽軍鑑-63301
  11. 『甲陽軍鑑』, 1656 (明暦2) print, 国文学研究資料館 copy, canvases 729, 817 and 818, at the 国書データベース. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/200019217
  12. 源君美 (新井白石), 『本朝軍器考』, 巻一, 1737, scan 46. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2563708/1/46
  13. 源君美 (新井白石), 『本朝軍器考』, the last volume, colophon 元文2 (1737), scan 85. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2563711/1/85
  14. 「本朝軍器考」, デジタル大辞泉・精選版日本国語大辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/本朝軍器考-632361
  15. 青木昆陽, 『昆陽漫録』, in 今泉定介・畠山健 編, 『百家説林』, 吉川半七, 1890–1892, scan 96. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/993394/1/96
  16. 『昆陽漫録』, the work record, at the 国書データベース. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/work/28875
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  27. 松平定能 編, 『甲斐国志』, 巻之百十九, 附録之一, 温故堂, 1882–1884, scan 12. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/764945/1/12
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  30. 頼山陽 (襄), 『山陽遺稿 評点』, 近藤元粋 編, 1879, 孫子管闚序, p. 6, scan 7. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/893774/1/7
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  40. National Diet Library Digital Collections, full-text search, oldest first, October 2026. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/search/searchResult?keyword=風林火山
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  43. 『小説新潮』, 新潮社, October 1953, snippet view, National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/6074703
  44. 井上靖, 『風林火山』, 新潮社, 1955, snippet view, National Diet Library. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1355062
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  47. 山梨市, 「孫子の旗」, 山梨市の文化財. https://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/site/cultural-assets/1658.html

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios, LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

Not yet reviewed.

Cite as: Tim Jackowski and Ten, "Philology of 風林火山 (fūrinkazan)," Takase Studios, 2026, https://takase.com/library/philology/furinkazan.