Fine Japanese Calligraphy

The Art of Master Japanese Calligrapher Eri Takase

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IV. A GUIDE TO FAMOUS HISTORIC GARDENS STILL EXISTING

For the information and guidance of those who desire to inspect some of the famous historic gardens of Japan, only those which have been comparatively well preserved in their original forms are selected and described here. The gardens in this guide are those constructed during the time extending from the Muromachi Period down to the Edo Period, since in the gardens belonging to that time are best shown the characteristics of the Japanese garden, and because to them in the main may be traced the beginnings of its modern development.

MUROMACHI GARDENS

1. Tenryū-ji Garden, Saga, Kyoto

This garden, attributed to Musō Kokushi, has a pond in the middle, with a fall, a stone bridge, stones in water—all illustrating characteristics of the period.

2. Saihō-ji Garden, Matsuo, Kyoto

A “stroll garden” in which the natural features of the place are made to serve so that the pond appears to have geographical connection with the mountain in the background. This garden is famous for the beauty of its moss.

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3. Rokuon-ji Garden, Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto

Built by Yoshimitsu, the third of the Ashikaga Shōguns. The garden has a pond and background of mountains. The Golden Pavilion is made the best point of observation. The contemporary characteristics of that period are in the islands and stone grouping.

4. Jishō-ji Garden, Ginkaku-ji, Kyoto

Built by Yoshimasa, the eighth of the Ashikaga Shōguns, in imitation of the Saihō-ji Garden. The pond and the mountain in the background are in beautiful harmony. It is the best preserved of the gardens belonging to the same period. Noteworthy are the stone grouping, stone bridges, and the waterfall.

5. Tōji-in Garden, Tōji-in, Kyoto

Originally designed and executed by Musō Kokushi; later modified by Sōami. Very much out of repair, but the shape of the pond and the details of its stone grouping retain their original form. The rest-house—“Seiren-tei”—is noted for its design by Yoshimasa himself.

6. Jōei-ji Garden, Miyano-mura, Yoshiki-gun, Yamaguchi Prefecture

Tradition attributes the garden to Ōuchi Masahiro, who is said to have modelled it after the

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Rokuon-ji Garden in Kyoto. Designed and executed by Sesshū, the famous priest-painter. The garden was originally attached to a villa, which no longer exists. Both the pond and the background are in Kyoto style.

7. Manpuku-ji Garden, Masuda-machi, Mino-gun, Shimane Prefecture

Attributed to Sesshū. It has a pond and an artificial hill. Stone grouping is of considerable merit.

8. Ryōan-ji Garden, Ryōan-ji, Kyoto

A flat garden, oblong in shape, enclosed by earthwork walls. Five groups of either two, three or five stones, totalling fifteen stones in all, are arranged, and white sand spread over the whole ground. The ensemble suggests a “tray landscape.” Attributed to Sōami.

9. Daisen-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

A small garden attached to a study. A stream, a bridge, a waterfall, and a pond—these are all here, but no water. It may be described as a monochrome picture with three dimensions—a picture of the Chinese school in vogue in the days of Sōami, to whose ingenuity the garden is attributed.

10. Daitoku-ji Garden, Murasakino, Kyoto

This is situated south of the superior’s quarters at Daitoku-ji; a flat garden with a pair of stones in

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a corner simulating the exit of a waterfall, and white sand spread all over the ground. Typical of the Zen-temple gardens of the Muromachi Period. The tradition of the temple attributes the garden to the priest Tenyū.

MOMOYAMA GARDENS

1. Chishaku-in Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

The garden has a pond stretching from north to south along the base of Higashiyama, on the side of which it is situated. It is chiefly intended for viewing. Old types are seen in the stone bridges. Attributed to Sen-no-Rikyū, the representative master of the tea ceremony in the Momoyama Period.

2. Jukō-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

Designed by Sen-no-Rikyū, according to tradition. An elegant flat garden presenting a picturesque view. Rikyū was buried in the graveyard of this temple.

3. Myōki-an Garden, Ōyamazaki-mura, Kyoto-fu

A tea-garden said to have been constructed by Rikyū. A tea-house is still to be seen here. The stepping-stones and water-basin are plain and simple, as practical use was their purpose. Eminently esthetic and typical of the tea-garden of the Momoyama Period.

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4. Jissō-an Garden, Nanshū-ji, Sakai, Osaka-fu

Transferred in the Meiji Era from another place in Sakai to the present site. The tea-garden preserves its original condition. Objects of interest: a water-basin in the shape of a kesa (surplice) and a stone lantern representing “Rokujizō,” a guardian deity of children symbolizing the six states of existence.

5. Nanshū-ji Garden, Minamihatago-chō, Sakai, Osaka-fu

The garden belonging to the superior’s quarters is a flat one designed chiefly for viewing. Attributed to Furuta Oribenoshō. The stone and bridge are fine specimens.

6. Hongan-ji Garden, Nishi Hongan-ji, Kyoto

This typical castle garden was brought together with the building, from Fushimi Castle, in the Edo Period. The garden, which forms a courtyard, is complicated, as it is chiefly designed to please the eye. The characteristics of the period are plainly shown in the massive stones that make up the exit of a waterfall and the large granite bridges. In former days the garden was planted with a number of sotetsu (cycads). It is attributed to Asagiri Shimanosuke, a Fushimi gardener, according to tradition.

7. Tekisui-en Garden, Nishi Hongan-ji, Kyoto

This garden was transferred with the Hiunkaku

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Pavilion from the Jurakudai Palace, the handsome palace of the Taikō. A large granite bridge and the bold stone grouping on the edge of the pond are eloquent reminders of the days of the great chieftain. The stone lanterns and water-basins date back to the Momoyama Period.

8. Entoku-in Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

A middle-sized garden with a pond as the central feature. Stones forming the fall exit and the edge of pond are of great size, as are also those used for the building of the bridge. There are indications to support the belief that the garden originally belonged to Fushimi Castle.

9. Sanbō-in Garden, Daigo, Kyoto

This garden is on the largest scale of the Momoyama gardens that have been preserved to this day. It is designed to be viewed from the adjoining edifice. The pond contains several islands, which are connected by various bridges of interesting design, whence a distant view of the fall is obtained. It is perhaps without equal in the wealth of the stones used.

10. Jōju-in Garden, Kiyomizu, Kyoto

The garden is in the precincts of the Kiyomizu Temple, a well-known place in Kyoto. It is a small garden in which the natural features of the place are

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taken advantage of. There is a pond, and the enclosure is marked off by the hedge, the adjoining woodland being deftly used to furnish a splendid background. Objects of interest are: a large water-basin, stone lanterns, and stepping-stone—relics associated with the name of Hideyoshi.

EDO GARDENS

1. Garden of the Imperial Palace, Kyoto

Reconstructed after the fire of Ansei (1854–1859) toward the end of the Edo Period. The water is supplied from the River Kamo, and the garden belonging to Tsune-no-goten is a small one with stream, while Gogakumonsho is embellished with a large pond. The space between the pond and the edifice is covered with white sand. The garden is conspicuous for its dignity and elegance.

2. Garden of Nijō Detached Palace, Kyoto

Tradition says that this garden, which is said to be the work of Kobori Enshū, was made when the Jurakudai Palace of Hideyoshi was transferred here by Ieyasu in 1601. It is designed chiefly to appeal to the eye. Fine stones grouped around a pond are a notable feature. It has magnificence combined with strength, both in keeping with substantial castle architecture.

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3. Garden of Katsura Detached Palace, Kyoto

Attributed to Kobori Enshū. It appears that the garden came to assume its present condition after repair during the first half of the 17th century. Natural features are entirely absent. The merit of the garden consists in the application of all the elements of the gardening technique known in the early years of the Edo Period. There is a typical “stroll garden” with a path connecting tea-houses, these paths being either studded with stepping-stones or protected by a pavement. Connection with the island is made by boat. In its excellence of planning the garden may safely be said to occupy first place among the famous historic gardens still in existence. To light up the paths, stone lanterns are used in abundance. Water-basins are of various shapes, but decoration is variably subordinated to utility.

4. Garden of Sentō Palace, Kyoto

This “stroll garden” of the Enshū style is also attributed to Kobori Enshū, but it seems to belong to a later date. Extensive repairs are presumed to have been done to it in the middle of the Edo Period. There are two tea-houses.

5. Garden of Shūgakuin Detached Palace, Kyoto

The garden is now divided into three sections—

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upper, middle and lower, which were originally separate gardens. Tradition says that in the making of the garden the instructions given by the retired Emperor Gomizunowo were followed throughout. The tea-houses in the middle and lower sections are very fine, though small in scale. The upper section, with a large pond in the centre, is designed for a stroll. It has an exquisite outlook because of its situation on the west foot of Mount Hiei. Many good specimens of stone lanterns and water-basins are to be found here.

6. East Garden of Daitoku-ji, Murasakino, Kyoto

This garden, which is oblong in shape, is situated east of the flat garden belonging to the superior’s quarters already mentioned. It is attributed to Kobori Enshū. There are a few small stones arranged before the verandah and with shrubs and a hedge behind. It is a “borrowed scenery” type in which the pine avenue on the River Kamo and Mount Hiei in the distance over the hedge are fancied to represent the pine grove of Miho and Mount Fuji.

7. East Garden of Shinju-an, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

A flat garden similar to No. 6. The stone groups consisting of seven, five, and three respectively are so well known that the garden has acquired the fancy name of Shichi-go-san (Seven-five-three) Garden. It was constructed probably later than No. 6.

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8. Kohō-an Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

A flat garden attributed to Kobori Enshū. It is a miniature of the Eight Beauties of Ōmi to be viewed from the study, and is graceful and picturesque in effect. There are a tea-garden and some garden fixtures of interest. The gate called “Amigasa-mon” facing the main temple is well known. In the graveyard is the tomb of the designer.

9. Ryūkō-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

This is also the work of Kobori Enshū. The garden has an old lantern of Korean make, which is much prized by garden lovers.

10. Hōshun-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

The garden in its present state is the one reconstructed in the latter part of the 18th century. In the two-storied pavilion “Tonko-kaku” and the bridge in the form of a roofed verandah called “Chōgetsu-kyō” are to be seen features of old-time design.

11. Nanzen-ji Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

This garden belongs to the abbot’s higher class living quarters. Though the edifice is of pure old Japanese style called Shinden-zukuri, the garden is a flat garden of the Edo Period, said to be the work

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of Kobori Enshū. The general impression is that of a “tray landscape” with stones, trees, and white sand artistically combined.

12. Konchi-in Garden, Nanzen-ji, Kyoto

A flat garden attributed to Kobori Enshū. A “pond”—a hollow space without water—is made in front with a pair of stone groups, the one shaped like a crane and the other like a tortoise, on right and left respectively. These stone groups are combined with trees. The representation of nature is much conventionalized and produces a remarkable artistic effect. The ground is covered throughout with white sand.

13. Honpō-ji Garden, Kamikyō-ku, Kyoto

A flat garden attributed to Hon-ami Kōetsu. The pond is designed after the shape of yatsuhashi or the eight-planked bridge, and the light-planked bridge is conventionalized for romantic effect. A deviation from the usual practice is seen by including a lawn where white sand is usually spread.

14. Shōsei-en Garden, Kikokubaba, Kyoto

Tradition says that this, a stroll garden of the Enshū style, was constructed by Ishikawa Jōzan by order of Sennyo Shōnin. A large pond with its many islands is a notable feature. There are tea-houses

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scattered about the garden. The edifices bear the stamp of the designer’s originality.

15. Kōdai-ji Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

This garden, said to be the work of Kobori Enshū, is built on the slope at the foot of Higashiyama. On the hill are found two tea-houses transferred from Fushimi Castle of Hideyoshi—“Shigure-tei” and “Karakasa-tei”—and some other edifices of historic interest.

16. Chion-in Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

Kobori Enshū is said to be the designer of this garden at the foot of Higashiyama. A pond adjoins the building, and the general effect is pronounced a great success as a scenic garden.

17. Shūon-an Garden, Tanabe-machi, Kyoto-fu

A rock garden with stone arrangement in a small space and with a fine outlook towards the north. According to tradition, it is the joint production of Sakawada Kiroku, Shōkadō, and Ishikawa Jōzan.

18. Ninna-ji Garden, Omuro, Kyoto

This scenic garden has a natural hill as its background, with a pond and a bridge. Two tea-houses—“Hitō-tei” and “Ryōkaku-tei”—are valued for their historic associations.

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19. Manshu-in Garden, Ichijōji, Kyoto

This is a flat garden, extensive in scale and elaborate in design, attributed to Kobori Enshū, but with reserve. It contains some famous water-basins and stone lanterns.

20. Gyokuhō-in Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto

This consists of two sections, very unconventional in design. The garden ornaments retain the original form dating from the mid-Edo Period.

21. Tōkai-an Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto

Built in 1814. The plan used in the execution of the garden is in the possession of the temple. This temple has also another flat garden with no decoration other than white sand spread all over—perhaps the most primitive type of a flat garden.

22. Reiun-in Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto

An elegant little garden with a wealth of stones standing erect and characterized by their remarkable unity. It is supposed to have been built earlier than the mid-Edo Period.

23. Taizō-in Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto

Kano Motonobu, the well-known master painter, is said to be the designer of this garden. A dry pond

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figures effectively in the landscape. The garden has undergone some later modification, but it may be pronounced as the finest of the Myōshin-ji Gardens.

24. Rikugi-en, Baron Iwasaki’s mansion, Hongō, Tokyo

This estate was formerly one of the homes of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, one of the feudal lords. The garden was made in the Genroku Period (1688–1703), and is of the “stroll-garden” type, with a pond as the centre of the composition. From the hill an extensive view of the garden and the region beyond may be commanded—a feature characteristic of the garden of the Edo Period.

25. Hama Detached Palace Garden, Tsukiji, Tokyo

A spacious stroll garden with a tidal pond. The original was modified at the time of the eleventh Shōgun, Tokugawa Ienari.

26. Rakuju-en, Hamazakichō, Shiba, Tokyo

This was formerly the property of the Imperial Household, but was given to the City of Tokyo in 1924. The garden, similar in design to No. 25, was built by Ōkubo, the Lord of Odawara, in the last quarter of the 17th century.

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27. Kōraku-en, Military Arsenal, Koishikawa, Tokyo

The estate formerly belonged to the Lord of Mito. It is a “stroll garden” in which the natural features of the land are used to advantage. The water for the pond is drawn from the River Edo, which was formerly the source of Edo’s water-supply. The garden belongs to the early years of the Edo Period, and the deep interest in things Chinese taken by Tokugawa Mitsukuni, one of the most illustrious of the Tokugawa Family of Mito, had its influence in the design of the garden, in which, as is well known, Shu Shun Sui, the learned refugee from China under Mitsukuni’s patronage, also participated.

28. Hōrai-en, Count Matsuura’s former residence, Mukō-yanagiwara, Asakusa, Tokyo

This is a “stroll garden” with a tidal pond as the central feature. In the shape of the pond, and in several other details of the garden, the refined taste of the builder, Matsuura Shigenobu, is clearly in evidence.

29. Seishu-en, or Suizen-ji Garden, Kumamoto, Kyūshū

The site of the garden was formerly occupied by one of the mansions of the Hosokawa, the daimyō family of Kumamoto. The garden is of the “stroll-garden” type with a pond as the main feature, on the

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west of which is a miniature Fuji. Connection with the island in the pond is effected, not by a bridge as is usual, but by stepping-stones laid in the clear water.

30. Shukukei-en Garden, Hiroshima

This is the country seat of Marquis Asano of the family which held Hiroshima as its fief. The mansion is also known by the name of “Sentei.” The garden is of the “stroll-garden” pattern, the chief feature being a pond containing islands of various sizes connected by bridges in Chinese style.

31. Taima-ji Naka-no-bō Garden, Taima-mura, Nara Prefecture

The garden, belonging to the early period of Edo, is attributed to Katagiri Sekishū, the tea-master. The famous three-storied pagoda is on the mountain that backs the pond. There is also the tea-house attributed to the same designer.

32. Ritsurin Park, Takamatsu, Shikoku

This pond-centred stroll garden, built by Matsudaira Yorishige, one of the lords of Takamatsu, in the last quarter of the 17th century, is of rare beauty, quite exhilarating in effect. The garden is greatly set off by a section of the woodland of pine trees, which forms its background.

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33. Kōraku-en Park, Okayama

This extensive “stroll garden,” with a central pond, was built by one of the Okayama daimyōs in the second half of the 18th century. Okayama Castle forms a fine background. There are some noteworthy features in the details.

34. Kenroku-en Park, Kanazawa

It is probable that the garden was reconstructed in the late Edo Period. This garden, when combined with the building which is now lost, must have made up a harmonious whole, though in its present state of isolation it gives the impression of lacking in unity. At present the garden has two ponds on different levels, the two being connected by stream and cascade. Scenic effect seems to have been the main point of consideration.

35. Nanko Park, Shirakawa-machi, Fukushima Prefecture

This is one of the oldest parks in Japan. It was built by Matsudaira Sadanobu, the Lord of Shirakawa, in the first quarter of the 19th century, for the health and pleasure of the local inhabitants. Originally, the place was a reservoir for irrigation, but laid out later as a recreation ground. The park is a monument of the advanced ideas by which the famous statesman was animated.

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36. Kairaku-en Park, Mito

This is another pioneer park constructed by Tokugawa Nariaki, Lord of Mito, in the second quarter of the 19th century. The garden is so designed as to show its fine prospect to the best advantage. It is abundantly planted with plum trees which, though originally intended for the fruit to be used as provisions in wartime, now attract, when in blossom, crowds of holiday-makers from the towns.

The foregoing gives a brief sketch of Japanese gardens. Though the list is not an exhaustive one, the writer believes that it includes the more famous of the historic gardens of this country now in existence.

The numbers of the illustrations in the following pages correspond to the numbers of the gardens discussed in the pages from 65 to 82.

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Photograph across a pond with floating leaves to a wooded far shore, with a few rocks standing at the water’s edge at the right and a grassy bank with a bare path along the foreground.
1. Tenryū-ji Garden, Saga, Kyoto
Photograph of a woodland garden with slender pale trunks and one thick trunk with pale patches near the center, a rough low stone stairway in the middle, and a small open building with a railing and a pitched roof at the left among the trees; two short posts stand in the foreground.
2. Saihō-ji Garden, Matsuo, Kyoto

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Photograph across a pond covered with floating leaves to a far shore of dense pines and other trees, with low rocks and shrubs at the water’s edge and a small island with a shrub and a thin post at the right.
3. Rokuon-ji Garden, Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto
Photograph of a pond garden: a low flat stone bridge crosses a narrow gap at the back, with rocks and shrubs on both banks, tall pines and other trees behind, and the corner of a roof showing among them at the right.
4. Jishō-ji Garden, Ginkaku-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a still pond with rocks and tufts of iris-like leaves along its bank, a low curved stone bridge at the right edge, and a wooded hillside of pines and shrubs rising behind, with a few pale rocks among them.
5. Tōji-in Garden, Tōji-in, Kyoto
Photograph of a garden of open grassy ground with a strip of dark water at the left and a small clump of shrubs at the center; rocks are scattered across the grass, a worn path curves around the right side, and wooded hills rise behind.
6. Jōei-ji Garden, suburbs of Yamaguchi

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Photograph of a pond with water lilies and tall reeds at the left, and on the far bank a rocky mound planted with clipped shrubs and small palms, with a stone lantern with a wide round cap standing on the rocks at the water’s edge and reflected below; tall trees rise behind.
7. Manpuku-ji Garden, Masuda, Shimane Prefecture
Photograph of a wide bed of raked gravel with groups of rocks standing in it, a large dark rock in the foreground and others farther back, enclosed by a long low wall with a tiled top, a roof corner at the left and trees behind.
8. Ryōan-ji Garden, Ryōan-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a large dark boulder and other rough rocks standing among shrubs and trees, with a flat slab of rock in the lower foreground and a smooth stone-edged wooden floor running down the right side.
9. Daisen-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
Photograph of a wide bed of white sand with two low raised mounds in it, a flat dark rock at the lower right and a stone edging along the left, enclosed at the back by clipped shrubs and a pine, with a plastered wall with a tiled top and the eave of a roof at the right.
10. Daitoku-ji Garden, Murasakino, Kyoto

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Photograph of a pond running back between a rocky, pine-covered slope at the left and the eave and dark side of a building at the upper right, with a low flat stone bridge across the far end, a flat rock in the water at the left, and broad-leaved water plants in the foreground.
1. Chishaku-in Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto
Photograph of a mossy ground in the foreground with a path at the right, and low rounded shrubs and a few rocks along its far side in front of a clipped hedge, with a pine and other trees behind.
2. Jukō-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a path of small stones leading back at the left through rounded shrubs and taller trees, with a tall slim stone lantern showing among the leaves at the center and bare ground at the right.
3. Myōki-an Garden, suburbs of Kyoto
Photograph of a long, dense, clipped hedge running along the foreground, with a low house with several tiled eaves behind it and large trees spreading overhead; a young slender tree stands at the left, and a small shrub and stepping-stones lie at the right in front of the house’s open front.
4. Jissō-an Garden, Sakai, Osaka-fu

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Photograph of a bare gravel yard in front of a bank of rocks and upright stones with a flat stone bridge at the left, and above them a slope with exposed roots, slender trees and palms; the thick trunk of a large tree with gnarled roots fills the right edge.
5. Nanshū-ji Garden, Sakai, Osaka-fu
Photograph of a garden with a tall mass of dense leafy shrub at the left, a thick dark trunk topped with a crown of long fronds leaning at the center and propped by poles, and rounded shrubs, rocks and ferns at the right and lower left; part of a roof shows at the top.
6. Hongan-ji Garden, Nishi Hongan-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a pond with floating leaves in the foreground, a low arched stone bridge across it at the center, large rocks at the water’s edge on the right and left, and a thatched building with pale paper windows at the upper left among dense trees.
7. Tekisui-en Garden, Nishi Hongan-ji, Kyoto
Photograph of a garden with rocks and leafy shrubs in the foreground, a small stone lantern at the left, a pine at the left center, and a dark rock face at the center under overhanging maple branches; a tall upright stone stands at the right.
8. Entoku-in Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

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Photograph of a pond garden: a curving grassy bank with rounded shrubs in the foreground, a still pond at the right, and on the far side rocks, clipped pines and other trees, with a pale waterfall at the upper right edge.
9. Sanbō-in Garden, Daigo, Kyoto
Photograph of a pond in the foreground with a small stone lantern, rocks and clumps of grass along its far bank, a long horizontal pine branch trained out over the water at the right on slender props, and dense trees rising behind in mist.
10. Jōju-in Garden, Kiyomizu, Kyoto

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Photograph of a pond lying behind a wide bare band of pale gravel in the foreground, with round clipped shrubs at its near edge, a small roofed bridge or pavilion on the far shore at the left, and pines and other trees massed behind it under a pale sky.
1. Garden of the Imperial Palace, Kyoto
Photograph across a still pond to a far shore built up of large rocks, with a stone bridge laid across a gap among them at the center and trees reflected in the water; two clipped rounded shrubs stand at the near edge, and maples and other trees fill the upper part.
2. Garden of Nijō Detached Palace, Kyoto

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Photograph across a still pond to a thatched-roof house on the far bank among pines and other trees, with a tall pine leaning across the upper left and a low bank and a few rocks along the water’s edge in front of the house.
3. Garden of Katsura Detached Palace, Kyoto
Photograph of a dark pond bordered in the foreground by a wide curving beach of small pebbles, with a long low trellised structure on posts over the water at the left, rocks and a small arched bridge on the far bank at the right, and dense trees behind.
4. Garden of Sentō Palace, Kyoto

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Photograph from a height over a garden: a grassy slope of low clipped shrubs in the foreground, a pond with a tree-covered island and a long narrow inlet beyond it, a mass of pines on a hillside at the right with a small roofed object at its edge, and hazy hills at the horizon.
5. Garden of Shūgaku-in Detached Palace, Kyoto
Photograph of a wide band of bare pale gravel running back between rounded clipped shrubs at the left and a raised wooden verandah under a large, deep tiled roof at the right, with tall trees behind and a small upright stone among the shrubs at the center.
6. East Garden of Daitoku-ji, Murasakino, Kyoto

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Photograph of a worn, bare path of pale earth running back between low shrubs and rocks at the left, with a few rocks near the foreground, and a raised wooden verandah with a ridged floor along the right; maple branches overhang the path, and a wall with a tiled top and a post show at the back.
7 East Garden of Shinju-an, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
Photograph of an open bed of smooth gravel in the foreground, with rounded clipped shrubs and clipped pines around it, a pine branch reaching in at the lower right, and a small flat rock and a little stone lantern among the shrubs; tall trees rise behind.
8. Kohō-an Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a corner of garden: large rounded rocks among clipped shrubs and a low spreading evergreen, a slender trunk in the middle, a wall topped with rows of curved tiles across the back and a bare gravel path at the lower right.
9. Ryūkō-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
Photograph of a still pond in the foreground with a flat stone slab at its lower left edge, a large clipped evergreen at the left in front of a building with arched lattice windows and a deep eave, and rocks, a stone lantern and trees on the far bank.
10. Hōshun-in Garden, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a lawn in the foreground with a rounded clipped shrub, a pine and some rocks along its far edge, in front of several buildings with heavy tiled roofs, a roofed wall at the right, and wooded hills behind under a misty sky.
11 Nanzen-ji Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto
Photograph of a very wide, empty plain of smooth gravel in the foreground, with a narrow strip of low rocks and moss along its far edge and, behind it, rounded clipped shrubs, a taller upright rock at the right, and trees rising behind.
12 Konchi-in Garden, Nanzen-ji, Kyoto

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Photograph of a lawn garden with a small angular pond edged with narrow stone slabs at the upper right, holding upright leaves, a rounded shrub and a small signboard on a post beside it, a flat round slab in the grass at the center, and slim trained trees on poles at the left; a strip of paving runs along the lower right edge.
13. Honpō-ji Garden, Kamikyō-ku, Kyoto
Photograph of a dark pond with a dense wall of trees along its far shore reflected in it, a worn path of pale earth curving along the near shore across the foreground, and a low rail or jetty at the far left.
14. Shōsei-en Garden, Kikokubaba, Kyoto

[p. 100]

Photograph of a pond in a misty, steep-sided garden, with a roofed wooden bridge with two pitched roofs crossing it at the center, a rocky wooded bank at the left, large rocks at the water’s edge at the lower right, and pines at the upper right.
15. Kōdai-ji Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto
Photograph of a mound of rocks and rounded clipped shrubs behind a lawn and a wide raked gravel path in the foreground, with a line of flat stepping-stones at the left, a small signboard on a post among the shrubs, its writing too small to read, and trees behind; a strip of pond shows at the right.
16. Chion-in Garden, Higashiyama, Kyoto

[p. 101]

Photograph of a rock garden: tall rough rocks and flat slabs piled at the back, rounded clipped shrubs in front of them, a small stone pagoda or lantern at the left against a clipped hedge, and a large flat slab lying on the pale ground in the foreground with pines and trees at the top.
17. Shūon-an Garden, Tanabe, suburbs of Kyoto
Photograph of a curving wide path of pale gravel in the foreground, with a mown grass bank and rounded clipped shrubs along its edge, a small wooden bridge with a railing over a pond with floating leaves at the left, and a tall wall of pines and other trees behind.
18. Ninna-ji Garden, Omuro, Kyoto

[p. 102]

Photograph of a wide plain of smooth gravel at the right and center, with a low mossy mound of rocks and small clipped shrubs at the left in which a small bent pine grows, rounded shrubs along the far edge, and a tall tiered stone tower standing among tall trees at the upper right.
19 Manshu-in Garden, Ichijōji, Kyoto
Photograph of a bank of rough upright rocks and leafy shrubs running along the edge of a paved path, with a rough stone stairway at the left climbing among shrubs and slim trunks, and trees filling the upper part.
20 Gyokuhō-in Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto

[p. 103]

Photograph of a small garden corner: a patch of pale gravel at the lower left with a large flat rock beside it, a smaller rock and a stone farther right on a bed of moss, a tall upright stone at the right, and a thick mass of leafy shrubs and a pine above them in front of a roofed wall.
21. Tōkai-an Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto
Photograph of a tight corner of rocks and low clipped shrubs under a tree with a slim, curved trunk, with a tall rough upright stone against the trunk, a large flat-topped rock at the center and a smaller upright rock before it; at the upper left a raised wooden verandah backs onto a lattice screen, and a plank wall fills the right.
22. Reiun-in Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto

[p. 104]

Photograph of a rock garden on a slope: large pale rocks and flat slabs set among leafy shrubs, with a tall upright stone at the center, two thick tree trunks at the upper right, and a flat slab lying across the foreground.
23. Taizō-in Garden, Myōshin-ji, Kyoto
Photograph across a dark pond ruffled by wind to a far shore of low pines with a pale strip of bank or flowers beneath them; slim trunks stand reflected in the water at the right, and a pine branch crosses the upper left corner.
24. Rikugi-en, Garden of Baron Iwasaki’s home, Tokyo

[p. 105]

Photograph across a rippled pond to a low rocky island with a roofed building and pines behind it, a long wooden bridge on posts with railings running across the right, and a small house with a tiled roof at the far left among dark pines.
25. Hama Detached Palace Garden, Tokyo
Photograph over a pond garden with a tall stone lantern in the right foreground, its wide round cap on a rounded body above stout curved legs, standing on a bare sandy bank; beyond it a pond with low rocky islets and a pine, and wooded shores under a pale sky.
26. Rakuju-en, Garden of former Shiba Detached Palace, Tokyo

[p. 106]

Photograph of a shallow pond dotted with many rounded rocks standing in the water, a bank of leafy low plants and a mounded shrub at the right, a pale stone-edged bank at the left, and a steep, densely wooded hillside rising behind.
27. Kōraku-en, Garden in Military Arsenal, Tokyo
Photograph from under a leaning pine: its heavy trunk and a long limb cross the top of the picture, a slanting prop pole stands at the right, and a wooden railing in the foreground and a building with a railed porch at the left overlook a wide pond with rocks along its far shore and trees behind.
28. Hōrai-en, Garden of Count Matsuura’s former residence, Tokyo

[p. 107]

Photograph over a wide pond from a bank at the lower left: a steep arched wooden bridge with a railing and a second smaller arched bridge lead across an inlet toward a small torii gate among tall pines at the upper left; a large rounded rock stands in the water below the bridge, and a leaning pine and a smooth grassy mound rise on the far shore at the right.
29. Seishu-en, or Suizen-ji Garden, Kumamoto
Photograph under the limbs of a large pine whose long, twisted trunk is held up by slanting prop poles standing in the water of a pond; beyond them a low arched bridge, a long low roof and trees show on the far shore across the water.
30 Shukukei-en, Garden of Marquis Asano’s former residence

[p. 108]

Photograph of a small pond with broad leaves floating on it, tall blade-like leaves at the lower left, flat slabs and rounded rocks along the far bank among clipped shrubs, and a flat stone bridge across a gap at the center, under the spreading branches of maples.
31. Taima-ji Naka-no-bō Garden, Nara Prefecture
Photograph of a still pond with the trees and rocks along its far shore reflected in it: a tall pine with a pale trunk stands at the center among other pines, a low clipped hedge and rocks lie at the left, a flat bridge crosses a gap in the middle distance, and a leaning pine branch hangs in at the right.
32. Ritsurin Park, Takamatsu

[p. 109]

Photograph in misty light through the dark trunk and branches of a pine at the right and upper left: across a still pond lie a small island of pines with a pavilion with a pointed roof at the right, a low bridge at the left, and pale trees in haze; a rail of poles crosses the left foreground.
33. Kōraku-en Park, Okayama
Photograph of a stone slab bridge of several flat slabs crossing a rippled stream in the foreground, with a zigzag of six-sided stepping-slabs leading off at the right; beyond it a pond with a stone lantern with a wide cap beside rocks at the left, a rounded clipped shrub at the right, and pines and other trees behind, with a few people far off at the upper right.
34. Kenroku-en Park, Kanazawa

[p. 110]

Photograph of a grassy bank at the left with a path along its top and a fence at the far left, tall pines leaning over it, and a pine whose long limb stretches out over a wide lake at the right, held up by props standing in the water; a small boat and a dark wooded far shore and a distant peak lie across the lake.
35. Nanko Park, Shirakawa, Fukushima Prefecture
Photograph from a height over a park: rounded clipped shrubs in the foreground around a low bamboo fence and a small gate, with a bare forked trunk rising behind the fence, tall evergreens at the center, open lawn at the left, and a flat plain with a hazy line of distant trees beyond.
36. Kairaku-en Park, Mito