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Home › Library › Philology › I can do all things through him who strengthens me

わたしを強くして下さるかたによって、何事でもすることができる。 watashi o tsuyoku shite kudasaru kata ni yotte, nanigoto demo suru koto ga dekiru I can do all things through him who strengthens me

This is a philological study of Philippians 4:13 in Japanese, a verse Christians ask to have brushed. It sets seven Japanese renderings side by side, from the first Japanese New Testament of 1880 to the 2018 Japan Bible Society text, and shows why Christ's name stood in the first and in none since 1917, and how sixty years of Japanese commentators and Uchimura Kanzō read the line.

Abstract

Philippians 4:13 has been printed in seven Japanese Bibles since 1880, and the seven agree on the sentence's shape and differ on its words: a strengthening one, an instrument, and all things. The first Japanese New Testament named Christ, 我に力を予ふるキリストに因りて, because the Greek its translators used named him; the revision of 1917 and every translation since follow the critical Greek text, in which the verse ends at the one who strengthens me, and print 者, かた or 方 where the King James Bible prints Christ. The 1955 colloquial translation's わたしを強くして下さるかたによって、何事でもすることができる is the wording most Japanese readers know, and the two Bible Society translations of 1987 and 2018 recast the last clause as すべてが可能です, everything is possible. An English reader who expects Christ in the Japanese line is meeting the older Greek text, not a Japanese omission.

Overview

The sense. A first-person sentence of confidence, the last of a run in which Paul says he has learned to be content in want and in plenty: he can do everything, or bear everything, through the one who gives him strength. The Japanese versions keep that shape in every rendering: an agent who strengthens the speaker, a particle of means (によって, by means of; the older texts' に因りて and によりて), and a predicate of capability (できる, なし得る, 爲得る, 可能です). What they differ on is how to name the agent and how wide to make all things [1][2][3].

The words. 強くして下さるかた (1955), 強くしてくださる方 (2003, 2017), 強めてくださる方 (1987, 2018), 強くし給ふ者 (1917): the one who strengthens, the verb 強くする or its transitive twin 強める with the honorific auxiliary くださる, 給ふ in the literary version; the 1955 text alone writes the noun in kana, かた; the 1880 text has no such noun, only 力を予ふるキリスト, Christ who gives me strength. 何事でも (1955), どんなことでも (2003, 2017), 凡ての事 (1917), 諸の事 (1880, read すべての), すべて (1987, 2018): whatever, anything at all, all things. The book's own name is ピリピ人への手紙 in the 1955 and 新改訳 Bibles and in both Japanese encyclopedias, フィリピの信徒への手紙 in the 1987 and 2018 Bibles, ピリピ人への書 in 1917, 腓立比書 in the Meiji Bible and in the commentaries written on it [1][2][3][4].

The text in English. The Japanese Bibles were translated from the Greek, not from an English Bible, and the English reader's difference is a textual one. The King James Bible reads I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me [5]; its Greek, the received text of the sixteenth century, ends the verse ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με Χριστῷ [6], and the critical text that every translation since the Revised Version of 1881 has followed ends it ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με, without the name [7]. The King James wording is the one the English quotation dictionaries print, the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations and Stevenson's Home Book of Bible Quotations alike [8][9]; the revised wording, in him that strengtheneth me, is the one that William Elliot Griffis put in the mouth of James Curtis Hepburn, the physician who made the first Japanese New Testament, as the assured belief of this constitutionally timid man [10].

The historical record

1880, in a printing of 1881. The 明治元訳, the first Japanese New Testament. The leaf prints 我ハ我に力を予るキリストに因て諸の事を爲得るなり, with its own furigana: われはわれにちからをあたふるキリストによりてすべてのことをなしうるなり [11]. Later printings of the one translation move the okurigana: the pocket edition of 1893 prints 予ふる and 因て, the annotated edition of 1904 prints 予ふる and 因りて and sets the name in kanji, 基督, with キリスト as its reading [12][13]. The translators, Hepburn among them, worked from the received Greek, and the name stands in the Japanese as it stands in the King James.

1890 and 1893. The verse in English, in the lives of two Japanese Christians. Jerome Davis's life of Niijima Jō, the founder of Dōshisha, says of him He felt with Paul, "I can do all things through Christ who strengtheneth me" [14]; Naruse Jinzō's life of Sawayama Paul prints Sawayama's own letter: Yet I believe by faith that great apostle's words, "I can do all things through Christ who strengtheneth me," and I am willing to sacrifice joyfully for Christ's sake all my comforts, ease, and honor in the world [15]. Both write the King James Christ with a modern who; the missionaries' own conference of 1900 and their press of the next decade carry the King James, a Him who and the Revised Version's in Him that side by side [16].

1897. The first Japanese commentary on Philippians. The lectures of Thomas Theron Alexander (アレキサンドル, 1850–1902), taken down by 堀田達治 and printed by 教文館, close their chapter on 4:10–13, titled 滿足, contentment, with a paraphrase rather than the verse, in a paragraph on why Christianity forbids suicide and honors life: キリスト教徒が死生に處する力の源はキリストにあり。彼はキリストに依りて萬事をなし得べし, the source of the Christian's strength in the face of life and death is Christ; through Christ he can do all things [17].

1898 and 1903. Uchimura Kanzō 内村鑑三. In 小憤慨録 the verse is the Christian's word, quoted after Galatians 2:20 and set against the merely righteous man's: 我は我に力を與ふるキリストに因りて諸の事を爲し得るなり [18]. In a diary piece of September 1903, printed in 所感十年 under the heading キリストの奇跡力, the miracle-power of Christ, the verse opens a list of what that power does: 我はキリストに因りて我が未來永劫赦すこと能はずと信ぜし我が警敵をも容易く赦し得るなり, through Christ I can easily forgive the enemy I believed I could never forgive [19].

1904. 三浦徹's annotated New Testament. The verse with two cross-references and no gloss: ヨハネ傳 15:5, apart from me ye can do nothing, and コリント後書 12:9, my strength is made perfect in weakness [13].

1907. Lionel Berners Cholmondeley (チヤモレー, 1858–1945), 腓立比書釋義. 〔第十三節〕〔諸の事を爲得るなり〕 聖パウロが茲に自白する所は、人生の如何なる境遇なりとも、彼が忍耐對抗し難しと想像する如き境遇は最早キリストに在て存在せずとの心なり, what Paul confesses here is that no circumstance of life he could imagine as too hard to endure any longer exists for him in Christ [20]. The note before it reads the previous verse's 熟練せり as the language of initiation into a mystery, 秘密の蘊奥に入れられたり, a pagan usage Paul turned to Christian use.

1908. Dwight Whitney Learned's lectures on Paul's shorter epistles (ラルネデ, 1848–1943), taken down by 大宮季貞. キリストに因て諸の事を爲得るなり といふは、勿論絶對的に全能であるといふ譯でなく、たゞ神より來る所の苦難に忍耐し、また神より來る所の職務をも成就する事が出來る事で、即ち苦難を決して恐れぬ事である, to say "through Christ I can do all things" is of course not to claim omnipotence; it is to be able to endure the hardships God sends and to fulfil the duties God sends, that is, never to fear hardship; and unlike the Stoic, これもストイク派の者とは違ひ, not by pride in one's own strength, endurance or courage, but by the Lord's help [21].

1913. Griffis, Hepburn of Japan. The verse in English as the creed of the man who had put it into Japanese: "I can do all things in him that strengtheneth me," was the assured belief of this constitutionally timid man [10]. Griffis quotes the Revised Version, which had by then dropped Christ from the verse that Hepburn's own 1880 text still carried.

1914. Carlyle's Cromwell in Japanese. 畔上賢造's translation of Carlyle's Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches carries the scene of the Protector's last illness: 寢室にありて腓立比書の次の數節を讀んで貰つた … 之を聽いて後彼は云ふた「長子ロバートが死んで自分が大悲痛にうたれた時、曾て此聖語が自分を救つた」と … 「我は我に力を與ふるキリストに因りて凡ての事をなし得るなり」の語に至るや、彼の信仰は働き出し … 「パウロの基督は亦わが基督なり」, he had the following verses of Philippians read to him in his sickroom … having heard them he said, "When my eldest son Robert died and I was struck with great grief, this scripture once saved me" … at the words "I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength" his faith began to work … "Paul's Christ is my Christ" [22]. The translator's verse is neither Bible's: its first half is the 1880 text's, its second half anticipates the 1917 revision's 凡ての事をなし得るなり by three years. A second translation, 戸川秋骨's of 1918, carries the same scene [23].

1917, in a printing of 1919. The 大正改訳, the Japan Bible Society's literary New Testament. 我を強くし給ふ者によりて、凡ての事をなし得るなり。 The revisers follow the critical text: the name is gone, 者 stands in its place, and the register is classical throughout, 給ふ for the honorific, なし得るなり for can do, 凡ての事 for all things [2][24]. The wording is stable in the printings of 1921, 1922 and 1927 [25][26][27]; the bilingual New Testament of 1922 sets beside it the Revised Version's I can do all things in him that strengtheneth me, the two critical-text renderings printed as a pair [26]; the annotated edition of 1921 prints the verse and passes it without a note [25].

1923. William Imbrie (ウイリアム・イムブリー, 1845–1928), 腓立比書註解, translated by 井深梶之助. The commentary reads verses 11 to 13 as one argument: the word Paul uses in verse 11, 原語(オウタルケス), names the Stoic ideal of a mind unmoved by circumstance, which Paul declares he has reached; verse 12's 秘訣 is the vocabulary of the Greek mysteries; and verse 13 is the secret itself: 是れ即ちパウロが知足の秘訣である。キリストと一心同體たることを意識する者には、キリストは何時も平和と能力との活ける源泉である, this is Paul's secret of contentment: for one conscious of being one body and heart with Christ, Christ is always the living source of peace and power; where the Stoic taught that fate cannot be beaten and had better be obeyed [28].

1924. Uchimura Kanzō, 羅馬書の研究. Seven years after the revision, the Meiji wording is still the one he quotes, closing the twelfth lecture: 又同一の事を使徒パウロは其實驗として言うた「我は我に力を與ふるキリストに因りて凡ての事をなし得るなり」と。パウロのキリストは又我等のキリストである, and the same thing the apostle Paul said as his own experience: "I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength." Paul's Christ is our Christ too [29]. The quotation stands beside John 15:5, apart from me ye can do nothing, the pairing the 1904 annotator had made with two cross-references; and パウロのキリストは又我等のキリストである is, in the plural, what Carlyle's Cromwell says on his deathbed in the 1914 translation. The 1929 printing carries the sentence unchanged.

1927. Uchimura on Ecclesiastes. In 空の空なる哉 the same pair, John 15:5 against Philippians 4:13, now in his own wording: 「我は我に力を與ふるキリストに由りて萬事を爲し得る也」 … 實に無智無能なるは神を離れたる人である。而して之に反して我に力を予ふる彼に由りて、我はすべてこの事を爲し得るのである, truly ignorant and powerless is the man apart from God; and against that, through him who gives me strength, I can do all these things [30]. Across thirty years he quotes the verse in four wordings and never in the revisers' 強くし給ふ者: the Christ of the 1880 text stays in his sentence after the 1917 Bible had taken it out.

1929. 日高善一's commentary. Verse 13 with the parallel Paul repeats: 『我に能力を給ふ我らの主基督耶穌に感謝す(テモテ前書一の十二)』此れはパウロの屢繰返す句である, "I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who hath enabled me" (1 Timothy 1:12): this is a phrase Paul often repeats [31].

1931. Calvin in Japanese. 佐藤繁彦's translation of Calvin's commentary: 使徒が爲し得ることは、基督に於いて爲し得ることだ … パウロが凡てのことを爲し得るなら、そのとき意味する凡てといふことは、彼が召命されてゐる範圍内に横はることを指してゐるのである, what the apostle can do, he can do in Christ … if Paul can do all things, the "all" he means lies within the range of his calling [32].

1940. 松下績雄's volume of the 現代新約聖書註解全書. The tenth volume, Colossians to James with Philippians among them, carries the fullest note on the words: 此所に『よりて』と譯された語は、寧ろ『中に』と譯すべきであつて、我を強くし給ふものとの人格的な交の中に、凡ての事をなし得る、といふのである, the word translated "by" should rather be "in": in personal communion with the one who strengthens me, I can do all things; 凡ての事をなし得るなり は原文には『我は凡ての事をなす力を持てり』と強く言ひ現はされてゐる, the original says it more strongly, "I have strength for all things"; and the Cromwell story once more, クロムエルが死に臨んで、本章十一節より十三節までを讀ましめ、自ら之を繰返し、最後に彼の口より洩れた語は『我を強くし給ふキリストにより我は凡ての事をなし得るなり』であつたと傳へられる, told with the name Christ set back into the 1917 wording [33].

1954 and 1955. The 口語訳, the colloquial translation. わたしを強くして下さるかたによって、何事でもすることができる。 The New Testament in 1954, the whole Bible in 1955; the first Japanese Bible in the spoken language, and the rendering that most Japanese Christians of the later twentieth century learned [1]. The Japan Bible Society states on its own copyright page that the protection period of this 1955 translation has expired under Japanese law, while the moral right against alteration remains and the words of its later correction list are protected [34].

1987. The 新共同訳, the interconfessional translation. わたしを強めてくださる方のお陰で、わたしにはすべてが可能です。 The verb becomes 強める, the instrument becomes お陰で, thanks to, and the predicate becomes a noun sentence, すべてが可能です, everything is possible [1].

2003 and 2017. The 新改訳, third edition and 2017. 私は、私を強くしてくださる方によって、どんなことでもできるのです。 (2003); 私を強くしてくださる方によって、私はどんなことでもできるのです。 (2017). The same words in two orders; the 2017 revision moves the subject 私は into the second clause [3]. Its publisher states that every edition, the first included, remains in copyright [35].

2018. The 聖書協会共同訳. 私を強めてくださる方のお陰で、私にはすべてが可能です。 The 1987 sentence with its わたし written in kanji [1].

Today. Japanese Wikisource carries the 1917 chapter whole and holds the 1955 chapter under a copyright-deletion proceeding with the verse text removed; the publisher's own text endpoint is where the 1955, 1987 and 2018 renderings are read [1][2]. The National Diet Library's full-text search finds the verse in 148 books printed between 1887 and 1949: Bibles, the commentaries above, sermons, devotionals, a Salvation Army catechism, a soldiers' handbook of 1927, a wartime book of 1943 [36]. That instrument stops where copyright begins, so how the verse lands in Japanese today is not in it.

A reading

The seven translations are one sentence in seven registers, and the choice a reader makes among the six still in print is a choice of voice, not of meaning: the 1917 text for the literary ear, the 1955 text for the plain spoken sentence, the Bible Society's 1987 and 2018 texts for everything is possible, the 新改訳 for どんなことでも. What none of the six offers is the name an English reader may be listening for, and the record shows why: the first Japanese translators had the name in their Greek and printed it, キリスト, in 1880; the revisers of 1917 had a Greek text without it and left it out; and Uchimura, quoting in 1924 and rewording in 1927, was still saying the older sentence. A Japanese line that says かた or 方 where the English says Christ is faithful to the same verse the Revised Version of 1881 prints, which is the verse Hepburn himself came to quote.

The commentators, from the lectures of 1897 to the volume of 1940, read the verse in one direction. It answers verses 11 and 12: it is the secret of contentment, not a promise of achievement. It is set against the Stoic, who finds his self-sufficiency in himself, where Paul finds his in Christ. And all things is bounded: by what God sends (1908), by Paul's calling (1931), by communion with the one who strengthens (1940). That is the reading the Japanese tradition holds, and it is mine. The verse's afterlife in Japanese belongs to Uchimura, who quoted it for thirty years in the wording of the Bible he had been converted on, and to Cromwell, whose deathbed reading of the verse came into Japanese twice in the 1910s and was still being retold in 1940; that Uchimura's Paul's Christ is our Christ and Cromwell's Paul's Christ is my Christ are one sentence is what I read, and no witness says he was quoting. If the sentence is to be brushed, the 1955 wording is the one whose publisher has said in its own words that it may be reproduced without alteration; and the reading, in the ruling standard, is watashi o tsuyoku shite kudasaru kata ni yotte, nanigoto demo suru koto ga dekiru, breaking naturally at the comma the Bible itself prints.

Sources not seen

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

  1. 日本聖書協会, 聖書本文検索: 口語訳 ピリピ人への手紙 4:13; 新共同訳 and 聖書協会共同訳 フィリピの信徒への手紙 4:13. https://www.bible.or.jp/read/vers_search/titlechapter.html
  2. 『舊新約聖書』(文語訳, 大正改訳 1917), ピリピ人への書 4:13, Japanese Wikisource. https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/ピリピ人への書_(文語訳)
  3. 新日本聖書刊行会, 聖句検索: 新改訳 第三版 (2003) and 新改訳2017, ピリピ人への手紙 4:13. https://www.seisho.or.jp/biblesearch-result
  4. ピリピ人への手紙, 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 and ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/ピリピ人への手紙
  5. The Holy Bible, King James Version, Philippians 4:13, at English Wikisource. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Philippians
  6. Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, Scrivener's 1894 Textus Receptus, Philippians 4:13: παντα ισχυω εν τω ενδυναμουντι με χριστω. https://www.textusreceptusbibles.com/Scrivener/50/4
  7. The SBL Greek New Testament, Philippians 4:13: πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με, in the Lexham English Bible reverse interlinear at sblgnt.com. https://sblgnt.com/download/revint/71-Philippians.pdf
  8. Elizabeth Knowles, ed., Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 8th ed., Oxford University Press, 2014, Bible, no. 964.
  9. Burton Stevenson, The Home Book of Bible Quotations, Harper, New York, 1949, Philippians iv, 13.
  10. William Elliot Griffis, Hepburn of Japan and His Wife and Helpmates, Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1913, p. 25. https://archive.org/details/hepburnofjapanhi00grif
  11. 『新約全書』, 米国聖書会社, 1881, 腓立比書 第四章, p. 572. National Diet Library pid 992682, scan 290. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992682
  12. 『袖珍改正新約全書』, 一二三館, 1893, 腓立比書 第四章, p. 384. National Diet Library pid 825538, scan 197. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/825538
  13. 三浦徹 編『新約全書 略註』, 1904, 腓立比書 第四章, p. 700. National Diet Library pid 825539, scan 384. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/825539
  14. Jerome Dean Davis, A Sketch of the Life of Rev. Joseph Hardy Neesima, 1890; reprinted as A Maker of New Japan, Fleming H. Revell, 1894. https://archive.org/details/asketchliferevj01davigoog
  15. Jinzō Naruse, A Modern Paul in Japan: An Account of the Life and Work of the Rev. Paul Sawayama, Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, Boston, 1893. https://archive.org/details/cu31924022946739
  16. Proceedings of the General Conference of Protestant Missionaries in Japan, Held in Tokyo, October 24–31, 1900, Methodist Publishing House, Tokyo, 1901; The Japan Weekly Mail, July–December 1901; The Christian Movement in Japan, vol. 7, 1909, and vol. 15, 1917. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsgene01unkngoog
  17. アレキサンドル (Thomas Theron Alexander, 1850–1902) 述, 堀田達治 記『腓立比書講解』, 教文館, 1897, 第廿五章 滿足, p. 324. National Diet Library pid 825632, scan 174; the author's authority record, id.ndl.go.jp/auth/entity/00768782. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/825632
  18. 内村鑑三『小憤慨録』上, 少年園, 1898, p. 82. National Diet Library pid 824565, scan 45. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/824565
  19. 内村鑑三『所感十年』, 1913, キリストの奇跡力 (dated 明治三十六年九月), pp. 57–58. National Diet Library pid 943819, scans 41–42. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/943819
  20. エル・ビー・チヤモレー (Lionel Berners Cholmondeley, 1858–1945)『腓立比書釋義』, 1907, 第六段, pp. 100–101. National Diet Library pid 825633, scan 53; authority record id.ndl.go.jp/auth/entity/00464544. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/825633
  21. ラルネデ (Dwight Whitney Learned, 1848–1943) 述, 大宮季貞 記『保羅之小書簡講解 新約聖書』上巻, 1908, 腓立比書講解 第四章, pp. 116–117. National Diet Library pid 825626, scan 269; authority record id.ndl.go.jp/auth/entity/00514519. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/825626
  22. カーライル 著, 畔上賢造 訳『クロムヱル伝』下巻, 1914, 守護官の死, pp. 926–927. National Diet Library pid 980779, scan 145. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/980779
  23. トマス・カアライル 著, 戸川秋骨 訳『オリヴア・クロンウエル』, 1918. National Diet Library pid 951603, scans 182–183. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/951603
  24. 『新約聖書 改訳』, 大英国北英国聖書会社, 1919, ピリピ書 第四章, p. 413. National Diet Library pid 988334, scan 210. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/988334
  25. 安部清蔵 編『新約聖書 対註改訳』, 1921, ピリピ書 第四章, pp. 966–967. National Diet Library pid 963349, scan 487. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/963349
  26. 『新約聖書 英和対照』, 1922, Philippians IV, p. 668. National Diet Library pid 943162, scan 339. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/943162
  27. 『我らの主なる救主イエス・キリストの新約聖書』, 1927, ピリピ書 第四章, p. 516. National Diet Library pid 1053815, scan 265. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1053815
  28. ウイリアム・イムブリー (William Imbrie, 1845–1928) 著, 井深梶之助 訳『腓立比書註解』, 1923, pp. 152–153. National Diet Library pid 971069, scan 82; the 1925 printing (pid 971131) the same; authority record id.ndl.go.jp/auth/entity/00768500. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971069
  29. 内村鑑三『羅馬書の研究』, 向山堂書房, 1924, p. 151. National Diet Library pid 971111, scan 87; the 1929 printing (pid 1226870, scan 85) the same. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971111
  30. 内村鑑三『空の空なる哉 : 傳道之書解釋並に解説』, 1927, pp. 83–84. National Diet Library pid 1171232, scans 48–49. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1171232
  31. 日高善一『新約聖書註解』第9 (エペソ書・コロサイ書・ピレモン書・ピリピ書), 1929, 第四章, pp. 56–57. National Diet Library pid 1170661, scan 152. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1170661
  32. カルヴィン 著, 佐藤繁彦 訳『ピリピ書講解』, 1931, 第十三節, pp. 132–133. National Diet Library pid 1149323, scan 71. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1149323
  33. 松下績雄 著『現代新約聖書註解全書』第10巻 (コロサイ書・ピレモン書・エペソ書・ピリピ書・ヤコブ書), 1940, ピリピ書註解 第四章, pp. 414–415. National Diet Library pid 1173067, scan 218; the volume's author from the NDL Search record R100000002-I000000697907, authority id.ndl.go.jp/auth/entity/00042614. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1173067
  34. 日本聖書協会, 著作権について. https://www.bible.or.jp/read/bible_copyright.html
  35. 新日本聖書刊行会, 引用・利用規定. https://www.seisho.or.jp/s2017/quotation-policy-2/
  36. National Diet Library, 次世代デジタルライブラリー full-text search, the verse's five wordings, walked in September 2026: 148 books, 1887–1949. https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/api/book/search?keyword=凡ての事をなし得るなり&searchfield=contentonly

Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Fable 5.1, Takase Studios LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

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