念願は人格を決定す継続は力なり nengan wa jinkaku o ketteisu, keizoku wa chikara nari Your Heart's Desire Decides Who You Are; Continuing Is Strength
Abstract
念願は人格を決定す。継続は力なり。, your heart's desire decides who you are; continuing is strength, is a couplet of the lay Shin Buddhist teacher 住岡夜晃 Sumioka Yakō (1895–1949), who signed himself 住岡狂風 Sumioka Kyōfū until 1936 and founded the movement 真宗光明団 [1]; its oldest print read for this history is his essay 「事實の權威」 in the movement's magazine 『光明』 of 15 December 1925, which gives it as a figure's creed, 彼の信條は、『念願は人格を決定す』『繼續は力なり』といふことである [2]. In 1928 a member of the movement called it Kyōfū's sole precept and explained that the 念願 that unifies all one does weighs the whole person and is kept up only by a fire of faith within [3], and in 1932 his book 『最後の日』 set it at the end of a ladder of years about a work that after ten years still moves no one [4]. The two halves have different histories: the second, 繼續は力なり, was a saying by 1918, when a speaker in the House of Representatives cited it as 所謂, as the saying goes [5][6], while the first has no print before 1925 in any instrument run for this history and makes 念願 the subject of a phrase of Meiji and Taishō writing, 人格を決定す, to decide a character, which the National Diet Library's full-text index returns from 1902; none of the 84 items the index returns before 1932 joins that phrase to 念願 in its window [7][8]. In 1948, in a passage read only in the library's snippet view, Sumioka wrote that the couplet's 念願 is prayer [9]; in his lifetime it had reached a school: by the school's own account of 1991, 松田藤子 Matsuda Fujiko, who counted him her religious teacher, asked his counsel and, the chairman said, was advised to found a school, 作陽学園, which opened in 1930; at its founding, the school's account says, the couplet came from him [10][11]; after his death a directory of 1968 printed it in an entry that reads as hers, a history of the private schools of 1977 lists it as the school's motto, self-help books took it up, and his movement's pages today print it inside his poem to the young that begins 「青年よ。強くなれ。」, cited to the anthology 『讃嘆の詩』 [12][13][14].
A reading
I read the couplet as a teacher's rule for a life held to one road: the wish a person holds with the whole heart makes the person, and holding it day after day is what strength is. The words carry this without a gloss. 念願 is in the dictionary 一心に願い望むこと, wishing and longing with one's whole heart [15]; 人格 was a word of late Meiji for a person's character [16]; 決定す is けってい, to decide: the ruby reads けってい in 1928 and 1932, and …ってい in 1925, where its first kana is unclear; either way it is not the older けつじょう [2][3][4][17]. The setting adds what the words leave open: the wish is not any ambition. In the same year as the oldest print, his movement's magazine set 「念願」 as the heading of five aims, each a wish in 〜たい, I wish to, the first of them to share the Dharma's joy [18]; in 1928 a member said the 念願 is kept up only by 信火, a fire of faith, burning within [3]; and in 1948 Sumioka wrote that prayer is a flame of the whole self, and that the 念願 of his saying is prayer [9]. A buyer can read the couplet without that frame, and the line does not need it to be true; but the frame is its author's, not added late: the couplet's first print stands in a Shin Buddhist movement's magazine that headed its aims 念願 the same year, and the tie of its 念願 to a fire of faith is in print by 1928, twenty years before his own word prayer. So I sign the first line as your heart's desire decides who you are: heart's desire because 念願 is a wish held with the whole heart, not a goal set by the mind, and who you are because the 1928 gloss speaks of the whole person (その人全体) where the couplet says 人格 [3]. The 1948 prayer is his own later reading of the same word; the couplet, standing as it is sold, leaves the reader to bring it. Signed, 典.
Overview
The sense. No dictionary read for this history enters the first line or the couplet; デジタル大辞泉 enters the second line alone, わずかなことでも、続けて行えば成果となってあらわれる, however small a thing, keep doing it and it shows as results, with no author [6].
The words. 念願, ねんがん in the ruby of every print, is in 精選版 日本国語大辞典 一心に願い望むこと。ひたすら思い願うこと。ねがい, wishing and longing with one's whole heart; thinking and wishing single-mindedly; a wish, with one sense only and its first example in the 宇津保物語 [15]; JMdict gives one's heart's desire; one's dearest wish [19]. 人格, じんかく, is in the same dictionary a translation of the English personality, 人の性格。人の品格。人柄, a person's character; a person's quality; personality, first attested 1900–01; its 語誌 says it is said to be 井上哲次郎's coinage and settled in late Meiji [16]. JMdict gives personality; character; individuality; personhood [19]. 決定 has two readings: けってい, 物事をはっきりと決めること, deciding a thing clearly, and けつじょう, with the older 呉音 reading of 定, あることが定まって動かないこと。また、信じて疑わないこと, being settled and unmoving; believing without doubt [17]. The 1928 and 1932 prints ruby けってい; the 1925 print's ruby ends …ってい, its first kana unclear [2][3][4]. す is the classical form of する. 継続, けいぞく, is in デジタル大辞泉 前から行っていることをそのまま続けること, keeping on with what one has been doing [20]. 力, ちから, is an everyday word of many senses: デジタル大辞泉 gives ten, the first 人や動物にもともと備わっている、自ら動き、または他の物を動かす働き, the working, native to people and animals, by which they move or move other things, the third ききめ。効果。効力, effect, and the seventh 気力。迫力, spirit [21].
The text in English. No English rendering of the couplet was found for this history, in the Internet Archive's full-text index or on the house's shelf. The English here is the history's own. The second line's English is followed in its own history.
The historical record
The text
1925. A creed. The movement's monthly 『光明』, in its issue of 15 December 1925, vol. 7 no. 12, by its masthead, carries an essay signed 住岡狂風, 「事實の權威」, the authority of fact [2]. Under the heading 彼の信條, his creed, it draws a man who keeps to his own road; among the young who ran after him, men of greater authority than he have arisen, and to see it is his greatest joy (彼はそれを見ることを無上の喜びとしてゐる). Then [2]:
彼の信條は、『念願は人格を決定す』『繼續は力なり』といふことである。彼は常に内に或る力強い聲を聞かうとしてゐる。
His creed is "your heart's desire decides who you are" and "continuing is strength". He is always trying to hear a certain powerful voice within. Each half stands in its own 『』. The ruby reads 念願 ねんがん, 人格 じんかく and 繼續 けいぞく; beside 決定 it ends …ってい, its first kana unclear [2].
1925. 念願 as a heading. The National Diet Library holds an earlier issue of the same year, vol. 7 no. 10, in which the library's search of the issue finds neither 繼續 nor 信條 [18]. Its second scan sets, under the heading 「念願」, five aims, each a wish ending in 〜たい, I wish to: to share the joy of the one Dharma with one's neighbors (自信教人信), to live a life of gratitude (報謝), to live as a loyal subject in worldly affairs (俗諦), to raise the life of faith in the nenbutsu (向上), and to stand together for one's own cultivation, not for battle outside (提携) [18]. The first reads 自分ばかりが喜んでゐないで縁のつながる隣人に、一味の法悦を分ちたい。, I wish not to rejoice by myself alone, but to share the Dharma's joy, one in taste, with the neighbors I am bound to [18].
1928. The sole precept, explained. The issue of 15 December 1928, which marks the movement's tenth year, carries 「追憶の記」, a record of remembrance, by a member, 釜瀬春芳 Kamase Haruyoshi. On its p. 26 [3]:
念願は人格を決定す。繼續は力なり。とは狂風氏の唯一の訓言である。そうです。如何なる行爲も如何なる哲學もそれが如何なる念願に統一づけられてあるかゞその人全体を評價するのです。しかしてその念願が萬人に閃光の如く閃きつゝそれが繼續せられてゆくことは不斷に内に信火が燃えてゐなくては不可能なことなのです。
"Your heart's desire decides who you are; continuing is strength" is Mr. Kyōfū's sole precept. It is so. Whatever the act and whatever the philosophy, it is the heart's desire that unifies it that weighs the whole person. And for that desire to flash out to everyone like lightning and to be carried on is impossible unless a fire of faith burns within without ceasing. It is the oldest explanation of the couplet read for this history.
1932. The end of a ladder of years. In February 1932 Sumioka published 『最後の日』, the last day, the first volume of his movement's series, 光明團叢書 [1][4]. There the couplet ends a ladder of years: first you are treated as a madman; a year you continue, and it is still the same; sympathy, admiration, helpers come; and 十年たつてもまだ、誰をも動かし得ない事業、それは人間に用事のない事業だ。, a work that after ten years still moves no one is a work that people have no need of. Then, set apart [4]:
念願は人格を决定す。
繼續は力なり。
Here it stands unattributed. The ruby again reads 决定 けってい [4]. It is the oldest print of the couplet in the National Diet Library: the library's full-text index, all access levels, oldest first, returns no row of the first line before it [4].
What 念願 meant to its author
1948. Prayer. In an essay of 1948, 「真宗といのり」, Shin Buddhism and prayer, printed in the fifth volume of his selected works in 1972 and dated there by its volume of his collected works and its year, Sumioka read 親鸞 Shinran's letters on prayer, いのり, and wrote that prayer is a flame of the whole self, and that the 念願 of his saying, the couplet, is in truth prayer [9]. The passage is read in the library's snippet view, not at its page, and the sentence after it is not shown. He died the next year [1].
His own accounts. In texts printed in his selected works of 1971, whose first dates were not read for this history, he calls the couplet the one phrase that moved him and kept him alive [22], and tells how many times he came to a dead end, and that each time the voice rising from this creed, the couplet, raised him to his feet [23]. The same volume prints the lines of the poem his movement prints today (below), on true strength as carrying a right aspiration through [23]. These are read in the library's snippet view, not at their pages.
The two lines and the language of their day
The second line was a saying first. On 19 March 1918 a member of the House of Representatives, speaking for a motion on the treatment of municipal officials, used 繼續ハ力ナリ and called it 所謂, as the saying goes [5].
The first line makes 念願 the subject of a phrase of the day. 人格を決定す(る), to decide a character, is a phrase of Meiji and Taishō writing on education, religion and ethics, and of business and law: the National Diet Library's full-text index, all access levels, oldest first, returns it from 1902, as in 『宗門時感』 (1902), of deciding the person of Śākyamuni, and, in the sense of what decides a person's character, from the 『教育辭書』 (1903), whose entry 敎化, Bildung, says 敎へ學ぶことは所得を增すに過ぎざれども、敎化はそれと同時に人格を決定するものなり, teaching and learning only add to what one has gained, but Bildung at the same time decides a character; the first is read in the library's snippet view, the second at its page [7][8]. Of the 84 items the index returns before 1932, none joins the phrase to 念願 in its window; the first that does is 『最後の日』 [4]. So the first line is Sumioka's, as far as the instruments run for this history reach, and the couplet joins his line to a saying already current.
After its author
His movement. Writers in the movement's memorial volume of 1981 remembered the couplet as the banner under which he founded the movement, and as words he wrote out for them on 色紙, square cards for calligraphy: one recalls that, saying a bare wall would not do, he at once wrote a phrase on a sincere and pure heart and the couplet [24]. In 1998 細川巌 Hosokawa Iwao, in lectures on Shinran's 『唯信鈔文意』, called the first line an important starting word of Sumioka's [25]. Both are read in the library's snippet view.
A school's motto. In 1991 the chairman of 作陽学園, 松田英毅 Matsuda Hideki, told a careers magazine how the school began: 松田藤子 Matsuda Fujiko, an educator devoted to Shinran's teaching, was troubled about education and consulted Sumioka, her religious teacher, who was also a primary school's vice-principal, and, he said, she was advised to found her ideal school; at its founding, he said, the couplet was received from Sumioka, and it is the school's motto now [10]. A history of the private schools of 1977 gives the school's founding as 1 April 1930, names 松田信夫 Matsuda Nobuo as its founder and her as its head, and lists the couplet as its educational motto [11]; she wrote of receiving the words when she was twenty-nine [24]. A Tokyo directory of 1968 prints the couplet in an entry that reads as hers: on the same page as her name and office, it dates the school's founding to 1930 and names a husband 信夫 [12]. A book of the region's literary monuments, in 1986, enters a stone carrying the couplet and his name, and names her, the head of the school, with its fiftieth anniversary [26]. These are read in the library's snippet view.
Beyond the movement. In 1955 a column to the young in 『大世界』, a magazine of the 世界仏教協会, whose author the library's view does not show, took the first line alone, in the modern form kettei suru, and went on to say that what you think of and wish for morning and evening governs your daily life [27]. A self-help book of 1987 prints it with kettei suru [13]; and 嘉門達夫 Kamon Tatsuo, asked in the magazine 『明星』 in 1992 what had been the source of his energy for ten years, gave the couplet, words his teacher in the third year of primary school kept saying [28][29]. Two variants appear in the 1990s, read in the library's snippet view: nengan wa jinkaku nari, unattributed, in a book of 1993 [30], and kessu for ketteisu, in a book for parents of 1997 [31].
Today. Sumioka's movement prints the couplet inside his poem that begins 「青年よ。強くなれ。」, young people, be strong: 性格の弱さ悲しむなかれ。性格の強さ必ずしも誇るに足らず。「念願は人格を決定す。継続は力なり。」真の強さは正しい念願を貫くにある。, do not grieve that your character is weak; strength of character is not always a thing to be proud of. … True strength lies in carrying a right aspiration through, and cites it to 『讃嘆の詩』 [14][32]. That book is a collection of his sayings edited by a committee: his movement's page lists an edition of 1987, and the National Diet Library catalogues the movement's third edition of 2000 and 樹心社's two volumes of 2003 [1][33][34]. A report of 2008 took it, with a hedge, it seems, for the words' source [35].
What is not a source
『讃嘆の詩』 is not the couplet's source: it is a collection of his sayings whose earliest edition in the records read here is of 1987, long after his death, and the couplet is in print in 1925 [1][33][2]. 『最後の日』 (1932) is not its first print, though it is the oldest in the National Diet Library [4][2]. The book of 1993 that prints the variant nengan wa jinkaku nari gives 松下幸之助 Matsushita Kōnosuke a different sentence, about failure, and in the library's view does not tie the variant to him or to anyone [30].
Notes
The forms. The 1925 and 1928 prints write 決定, the 1932 print 决定, and all three write 繼續; the modern forms are 決定 and 継続 [2][3][4]. The 1925 print sets each line in its own 『』; the 1928 and 1932 prints set the two lines one after the other with a full stop after each [2][3][4].
His names. The 1925 essay and the 1932 book are signed 住岡狂風; his movement's chronology gives the change to 夜晃 in May 1936 [2][4][1].
An English analogue. Desire determines character is a sentence of English writing of the first decades of the century: For desire determines character and destiny in the Andover Townsman of 1906, and it is a law of life that desire determines character in Frederick B. Fisher's Personology of 1930 [36][37]. Nothing read for this history joins it to Sumioka; it is an analogue, not a source.
Japanese Scrolls by Master Calligrapher Eri Takase




Sources not seen
The issues of 『光明』 between its first number of 1919 and December 1925 that neither the movement's site nor the National Diet Library serves, for an older print of the couplet.
『讃嘆の詩』 (2000, 2003), 『新住岡夜晃選集』 (2018, whose volumes are arranged by period) and 『住岡夜晃全集』 (1961–1966), at their pages, for the first print of the poem 「青年よ。強くなれ。」 and the first dates of the texts the 1971 selected works prints. The 1987 edition of 『讃嘆の詩』 that his movement's page lists is not in the National Diet Library's catalogue.
The rest of the 1948 passage, after the sentence quoted, and the author of the 1955 column, neither of which the library's view shows.
A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.
References
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