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Home › Library › Philology › The Qin and the Se in Harmony — a married couple in accord, as two zithers played together

琴瑟相和 kinshitsu sōwa The Qin and the Se in Harmony — a married couple in accord, as two zithers played together

This is a philological study of 琴瑟相和 (kinshitsu sōwa), the Japanese phrase for a married couple in accord, from the two zithers of the Book of Songs through Chinese commentary and a children's primer to the Meiji wedding letter.

Abstract

琴瑟相和, kinshitsu sōwa, says that a husband and wife are in accord as the qin and the se, two Chinese zithers, are when they are played together. The picture comes from the Book of Songs, where the two instruments welcome a bride in the collection's first poem and stand for a household in tune in a feast song for brothers; the four characters themselves were first written by a Tang commentator explaining that first poem and by a ninth-century storyteller of a poet and his wife. In Japan, on the known record, 琴瑟 was court music for a thousand years before it was a marriage: the phrase is in print as a marriage wish by 1805, paired with the couple who glare at each other, as a Chinese primer printed in Japan in 1791 had paired them, and in the Meiji period it became the stock wedding word of the letter manuals and the stock clause of the biographical dictionaries. The image is a promise that two different instruments can sound as one, and its sources, read whole, are not all joy.

Overview

The sense. One sense in the Japanese dictionaries: a husband and wife on the best of terms, 夫婦仲が非常によいたとえ, by an image from the Book of Songs that was first said of wife and children and later of husband and wife [1]. Beside it stand the literal sense of 琴瑟, the qin and the se, and a broader use for any two parties in accord, which Meiji writers applied to two states, to the legislature and the executive, and to a sovereign and his people [2][3][4]. The word 琴瑟 alone, in the national dictionary, has the instruments first and the marriage second, and dates the marriage sense in Japanese from Natsume Sōseki 夏目漱石 in 1905–06 [5]; the witnesses below move that date back a century.

The words. 琴 (kin; Chinese qín) is a zither of seven strings with no bridges. 瑟 (shitsu; Chinese sè) is a long zither of about twenty-five strings on movable bridges, which the national dictionary says was always played with the 琴 from the Zhou on, and of which a twenty-four-string example survives in fragments in the Shōsōin 正倉院 [6]. Neither is a lute. 相和 is to be in tune with each other. The dictionaries head the phrase as a verb, 琴瑟相和す, kinshitsu aiwasu [1]; JMdict heads both the verb and the four characters as a noun, kinshitsu sōwa [7]. Both readings stand in ruby in Meiji print: the verb is read あひわ or あいわ in the 1880s [8] and さうわ by 1919 [9], the noun さうわ from 1904 [10]. A usage guide of 1997 marks the verb read kinshitsu sōwa suru as an error and gives kinshitsu aiwasu [11]; the noun kinshitsu sōwa is not what it corrects. Edo and Meiji ruby often read 瑟 as hitsu: きんひつ, and in Bakin 曲亭馬琴 ひつきん for 瑟琴 [12].

The text in English. The Meiji bilingual dictionaries knew 琴瑟 only as two instruments, the harp and harpsicord in Hepburn from 1867 and in Brinkley in 1896 [13][14]. The earliest known English dictionary entry for the marriage sense is Takenobu's of 1918, to live in conjugal (connubial) harmony [15], and every later dictionary keeps it. The two source poems came into English through Legge's lutes, Waley's zithern and Watson's harp and lute [16][17][18]. JMdict today gives being happily married and to go together like two zithers [7].

The historical record

The Book of Songs. 關雎, the first poem. The first poem of the Book of Songs is a young man's search for a bride. The second stanza is the sleepless one, 求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，輾轉反側, seeking her and not finding her, waking and sleeping he thinks of her; so long, so long, he tosses and turns, and the third brings the instruments [19]:

參差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。

The floating-heart grows long and short; left and right we gather it. The modest, lovely girl: with qin and se we befriend her. The Mao preface reads the poem as the virtue of the queen, by which the world is taught and husband and wife are set right, 所以風天下而正夫婦也 [19]. The Mao commentary glosses the line 宜以琴瑟友樂之, it is fitting to befriend and delight her with qin and se [20].

642. Kong Yingda 孔穎達, 毛詩正義. The four characters first stand together in the Tang subcommentary on that line, which explains why the poem says befriend of the zithers and delight of the bells and drums in the next stanza [20]:

以琴瑟相和，似人情志，故以友言之；鍾鼓鏗宏，非情志可比，故以樂言之。

Because the qin and se are in harmony with each other, like people's feelings, the poem says "befriend"; bells and drums are loud and cannot be likened to feelings, so it says "delight". The same commentary says that the bride's temper in accord with the household is no different from the notes of the qin and the se answering each other, 與琴瑟之音宮商相應無異 [20]. Here 琴瑟相和 is not yet a phrase for a married couple; it is the reason a poem about a bride chose its verb.

The Book of Songs. 常棣, a feast song for brothers. The poem the dictionaries name as the source is a song for a feast of brothers, 燕兄弟也 in the Mao preface, which opens on the dread of death, 死喪之威，兄弟孔懷, in the terror of death and mourning, brothers think of each other [21]. Its seventh stanza:

妻子好合，如鼓瑟琴。兄弟既翕，和樂且湛。

Wife and children in loving union are like se and qin played together; when brothers are at one, the harmony and joy run deep. The text puts the 瑟 first, and the line rhymes on 琴 with 湛 [21]. Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 glosses 好合 as minds in accord, 好合，志意合也, and the accord as the sounds of the two instruments answering each other, 如鼓瑟琴之聲相應和也 [22]. Zhu Xi 朱熹 in the twelfth century makes the brothers the condition of the household's joy, 言妻子好合、如琴瑟之和、而兄弟有不合焉、則無以久其樂矣, wife and children may be in accord like qin and se, but if the brothers are not, the joy cannot last, and says the poem was written by the Duke of Zhou 周公 after he had put his brothers Guan and Cai 管蔡 to death, 此詩蓋周公旣誅管蔡而作 [23].

The Doctrine of the Mean, and the inverted line. The 中庸 quotes the stanza, with 和樂且耽, and has Confucius add 父母其順矣乎, how contented the parents must be [24]. The received 中庸 keeps the order 瑟琴. But a line of copies writes 如鼓琴瑟. Yamanoi Kanae 山井鼎, collating the classics against the manuscripts of the Ashikaga school, found it in the old text, in the Song print and in the Ashikaga manuscript of the 中庸, and judged all three wrong against the Book of Songs; his collation, with the supplement printed in 1731, was taken into the Chinese imperial library [25]:

考異 古本經如鼓瑟琴作如鼓琴瑟 宋板足利本同 謹按今詩元文與今本合 三本似非

Variant: where the classic reads 如鼓瑟琴, the old text has 如鼓琴瑟; the Song print and the Ashikaga copy agree. But the Book of Songs as transmitted agrees with the current text, so the three are probably wrong. The Tang commentary of Li Shan 李善 on the anthology 文選 quotes the line the same way, 毛詩曰：妻子好合，如鼓琴瑟 [26]. The 韓詩外傳 quotes it in the poem's own order, 妻子好合，如鼓瑟琴, in a dialogue in which Confucius tells his disciple Zigong 子貢 that he may not rest even from serving his brothers [27]. The inverted order is a real variant with a Chinese pedigree, not a modern slip.

Spring and Autumn. Yanzi 晏子 on harmony. In the 左傳, under the twentieth year of Duke Zhao, Yanzi tells his lord that harmony is not sameness: 若以水濟水，誰能食之？若琴瑟之專壹，誰能聽之？同之不可也如是, if you season water with water, who could eat it? If the qin and se played one note only, who could listen? That is why sameness will not do [28]. It is not a source of the phrase, but it is the oldest statement of what 和 means when it is said of two instruments.

Han. Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒. The untuned instrument is already a figure of disorder in the Han: 竊譬之琴瑟不調，甚者必解而更張之, I would liken it to a qin or se out of tune: when it is bad enough, the strings must be taken off and restrung, said of a government in need of reform [29].

Ninth century. Fan Shu 范攄, 雲溪友議. The four characters first describe a married couple in an anecdote about the poet Yuan Zhen 元稹 and his second wife, Pei Rouzhi 裴柔之. After the poems they exchanged when he was posted to Wuchang 武昌, his 嫁得浮雲壻，相隨卽是家 and her 不是悲殊命，唯愁別是親, the storyteller concludes [30]:

元公與柔之琴瑟相和，亦房帷之美也。

Lord Yuan and Rouzhi were in accord as qin and se, and that too is a beauty of the bedchamber.

839. An epitaph for a wife. An epitaph dated the fourth year of Kaicheng 開成, for a Lady Li, praises her in the variant form: 琴瑟調和，天資柔順, in tune as qin and se, gentle and yielding by nature [31].

Later Chinese wedding papers. 琴瑟和鳴. In the Chinese wedding papers that the imperial library preserves, the form is 琴瑟和鳴, the qin and se sounding together. Shi Hao 史浩's verses for the scattering of the bridal bed end 伏願撒帳之後鸞鳳偕老琴瑟和鳴, we pray that after the bed is scattered the phoenixes grow old together and the qin and se sound as one [32]; Xie Fangde 謝枋得's reply to betrothal gifts has 琴瑟和鳴行應曩時之占 [33]; Xie Yingfang 謝應芳's congratulation on a brother's marriage has 琴瑟和鳴百嵗永齊眉之好 [34].

The Chinese primers. 故事成語考 and 幼學瓊林. The pairing that Japan would take up stands in the Chinese children's primers of set phrases, under 夫婦, husband and wife. 幼學瓊林, which Wikisource gives to Cheng Dengji 程登吉 of the Ming, reads 如鼓瑟琴，夫妻好合之謂；琴瑟不調，夫婦反目之詞, "like se and qin played together" is said of a loving union; "qin and se out of tune" is the word for husband and wife glaring at each other [35]. The enlarged recension 幼學求源 writes the first clause in the inverted order, 如鼓琴瑟 [36]. The second clause takes 反目, turning the eyes away in anger, from the Book of Changes, hexagram 小畜, third line: 輿說輻，夫妻反目, with the commentary 夫妻反目，不能正室也, husband and wife glare at each other: he cannot set his household right [37].

751 and 827. Japan: music only. The earliest Japanese uses of 琴瑟 are court music. In the 懐風藻 (751), a poem written at a banquet by imperial command sets the instruments in the immortals' garden, 琴瑟設仙籞 [38]; the 経国集 (827) has 想歸絲以像瑟琴 [39]. No Japanese use of 琴瑟 for a married couple earlier than the primer's arrival is known.

1791. The primer printed in Japan. 故事成語考集註. The primer attributed to Qiu Jun 丘濬 was printed in Japan with the notes of 三宅元信 under a preface of 寛政辛亥, 1791. Its 夫婦 section reads, in the order of the Book of Songs [40]:

如鼓瑟琴夫妻好合之謂琴瑟不調夫妻反目之詞

The note explains: 瑟琴聲音調和比夫妻和合○不調不和也 易小畜 夫妻反目不能正室○反目謂怒目相視也, the sounds of se and qin in tune are likened to husband and wife in accord; out of tune is not in harmony; the Changes, 小畜: husband and wife glare at each other, he cannot set his household right; 反目 means to look at each other with angry eyes [40]. The Japanese reader now had both halves of the pair, with their sources.

1805. A preface to Santō Kyōden 山東京伝's 桜姫全伝曙草紙. The earliest known Japanese 琴瑟相和 is in the kanbun preface, dated the late autumn of 文化乙丑, 1805, to Kyōden's novel of Princess Sakura, a tale of karma; the print's title page says it was newly cut in 1806, 文化丙寅新鐫 [41]. In the 1926 reprint, with its reading marks [42]:

姑ク徵ニスルニ諸ヲ男女之際ニ。夫唱ヘ婦隨フハ。琴瑟相和シ。終始恩愛ス。此レ是レ好因縁ナリ。福果必ズ衍ニ後昆ニ矣。乃至夫負キ婦妬ムハ嗜欲互ニ肆ニシテ終始反目ス。此レ是レ孽因縁ナリ。

Take the case of man and woman. Where the husband leads and the wife follows, the qin and se are in harmony and their love lasts from beginning to end: that is a good karmic bond, and its blessing will reach their descendants. Where the husband betrays and the wife is jealous, each indulging their desires, they glare at each other from beginning to end: that is a bond of evil. The pair is the primer's, 琴瑟 against 反目, now as a moral of karma.

1809. Kyokutei Bakin 曲亭馬琴, 夢想兵衛胡蝶物語. In the closing comment of the second book of the first part, Bakin quotes 常棣 in its own order, with the reading ひつきん for 瑟琴 and the 中庸's last line [12]:

禮節とゝのふときは、妻子よく合へり。詩にいはずや、瑟琴を鼓くがごとく、和樂して且樂しむ。その樂しきを樂しむを、眞の樂しみといふ。

When propriety is in order, wife and children are in accord. Does the Book of Songs not say: as when se and qin are played, in harmony and joy, and joyful still? To take joy in that joy is called true joy.

1809. Ryūtei Tanehiko 柳亭種彦, 浅間嶽面影草紙. In Tanehiko's novel, the nun 遠山尼 sends two lovers off with the same pair as the 1805 preface, crediting the Book of Songs to Mencius under a hedge [43]:

夫婦なかよく添ひ遂げよ。孟子とかいふ書に、和したるを琴瑟とほめ、不和なるを易には反目ときらへり。

Live out your lives together in love, as husband and wife. A book called Mencius, or some such, praises harmony as the qin and se, and the Changes condemns discord as 反目, glaring at each other. The ruby reads 琴瑟 きんしつ.

1875–1878. The Meiji letter manuals. The model-letter books that taught the new national schools to write gave the phrases for a wedding letter, each glossed for the learner. In 作文捷径 of 1875 the inverted line stands with its reading and gloss, 如鼓琴瑟, キンシツヲコスルガゴトシ, フウフナカノヨキコト, among the 夫婦 vocabulary of the Chinese primer [44]. In 作文階梯 of 1876 the four characters are 琴瑟調和, read キンシツテウクワ and glossed フウフナカヨキ, beside 偕老之契 [45]; in 小学開化用文 of 1878, 琴瑟調和 is glossed 夫婦ナカヨキ beside 偕老之約 and 同穴之契 [46].

1881. 幼学綱要. The court's moral primer for schoolchildren, printed by the Imperial Household Ministry, quotes under 和順, harmony and obedience, ○又曰。妻子好合。如鼓琴瑟。 and then ○又曰。琴瑟在御莫不靜好。, the second from the poem 女曰雞鳴 [47]. It prints the inverted order.

1882–1886. The phrase in argument. In the 1880s 琴瑟相和 becomes a figure for any two parties in accord. Nishi Amane 西周 uses it in 1882 of friendship between states, 我此ト交ヲ締シ、琴瑟相和セシメバ [2]; a treatise on republican government of the same year, of the legislative and executive powers, 立法行政ノ二權ハ琴瑟相和シテ悖ラス [3]. A Japanese edition of Gustave Boissonade's lectures on the French civil law in 1883 says of the household that its heads 必ス琴瑟相和シ以テ其家ヲ治メサル可ラス, must be in accord as qin and se to govern their house [48], and a tract of 1886 on the evils of Japanese marriage asks why so many couples are not, 何ゾ琴瑟相和セズ [49].

1884–1892. Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規, 筆まかせ. The national dictionary's example for the verb is from Shiki's notebooks: 今の日本の婚姻の不都合なるは各家とも概ね琴瑟相調はず風波時に生ずるを見ても知るべし, how badly marriage goes in Japan today can be seen from how few households are in tune and how often storms break out [1].

1889. 女学雑誌. A women's magazine of 1889, telling of a royal consort, writes 第二世の妃となり琴瑟相和し偕老の契淺からざりしに, with the ruby きんしつあいわ: the verb, beside the vow of 偕老 [8].

1890. The Imperial Rescript on Education. The Rescript that Japanese schools recited asks its subjects to be filial to their parents, affectionate to their brothers and sisters, and 夫婦相和シ, husband and wife in harmony [50]. It does not use the instruments.

1896–1917. The biographical dictionaries. The four characters became the stock clause for a marriage in the biographical dictionaries: of an Edo scholar and his wife, 夫妻琴瑟相調ひ, in 1896 [51], and in 1917 of a daughter married to an ambassador, 嫁して琴瑟和樂す [52].

1904–1935. The noun and its reading. A war magazine of 1904 prints 琴瑟相和の with the ruby きんひつさうわ [10]. A collection of model prose of 1907 rubies the verb 琴瑟相和し得る as きんしつあひわ or あいわ, the kana after あ printed small [53]; a midwifery handbook of 1919 rubies 琴瑟相和し來り as きんしつさうわ [9]. The noun stands alone in 1928, 琴瑟相和の御生活, read きんしつそうわ [54], and in 1935, 所謂琴瑟相和、模範的な家庭, a so-called household in harmony, a model home [55].

1905–1906. Natsume Sōseki, 吾輩は猫である. Sōseki uses the variant twice and both times as a joke. The cat reasons that if a burglar were offered to the Kaneda daughter in place of the young scholar she is to marry, she would 必ず満身の愛を捧げて琴瑟調和の実を挙げらるるに相違ない, surely give him the love of her whole body and achieve the fruits of conjugal harmony; and the businessman Kaneda must be no ordinary man, since he 細君を恭しくおっ立てて、琴瑟調和している, sets up that wife of his with all respect and lives in harmony with her [56].

1997. A usage guide. A guide to kanji for adults marks 「×きんしつそうわす」 and gives きんしつあいわす as the reading of the verb [11].

Today. The modern dictionaries head the verb 琴瑟相和す, from the Book of Songs, 常棣, and give 琴瑟調和す and 琴瑟相調う as variant forms; 故事成語を知る辞典 cites a use by Ariyoshi Sawako 有吉佐和子 in 1963 [1].

What is not a source. 女曰雞鳴, the dialogue of a wife and husband at dawn, has 琴瑟在御，莫不靜好, the two zithers at hand, everything at peace and good, the Book of Songs' plainest picture of a contented marriage; neither the dictionaries nor the commentaries draw the phrase from it [57]. 鹿鳴, 鼓瑟鼓琴，和樂且湛, is a lord's feast for his guests [58]. 偕老同穴 and 比翼連理 stand beside 琴瑟 in the Meiji letter manuals and in the speeches as companions, not sources [46][8]. 琴瑟和鳴 is the Chinese sister form, and the Rescript's 夫婦相和シ is a parallel in plain words.

The text in English

1861. James Legge, The Doctrine of the Mean. In the first volume of The Chinese Classics, the 中庸's quotation: Happy union with wife and children, is like the music of lutes and harps [59].

1867. James Curtis Hepburn, A Japanese and English Dictionary. KIN-SHITSU 琴瑟: The harp and harpsicord. The third edition of 1886 adds the phrase no majiwari, intimate friendship [13][60]. No marriage sense.

1871. James Legge, The She King. 關雎: With lutes, small and large, let us give her friendly welcome. 常棣: Loving union with wife and children / Is like the music of lutes; / But it is the accord of brothers / Which makes the harmony and happiness lasting. 女曰雞鳴, in the singular: Your lute in your hands / Will emit its quiet pleasant tones [16]. Legge's lute is the source of the English habit; neither instrument is one.

1896. F. Brinkley, An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary. Kinshitsu 琴瑟: The harp and harpsicord [14].

1918. Takenobu Yoshitarō 武信由太郎, Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary. p. 1009: kinshitsu (琴瑟). ¶ 琴瑟相和す to live in conjugal (connubial) harmony. 二人は琴瑟相和して居る The couple are congenial spirits [15]. It is the earliest known English entry for the marriage sense, and it gives no other.

1928. P. M. Suski, The Dictionary of "Kan-Ji". kinshitsu … conjugal harmony [61].

1937. Arthur Waley, The Book of Songs. Waley sets 關雎 among the marriage songs: With great zithern and little we hearten her. 常棣: Your wives and children chime as well / As little zithern with big zithern [17]. Waley makes both instruments zithers.

1942. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary. kinshitsu 琴瑟, with the subentry ~相和す: live in conjugal (connubial) harmony; be happily married; lead a happy married life [62], Takenobu's wording kept.

1964. The East. An English-language magazine on Japan glosses the phrase "Kinshitsu Aiwasu" or Conjugal Harmony … an old Chinese saying "kinshitsu aiwasu" (koto and shakuhachi harmony) [63]. The shakuhachi is a bamboo flute; 瑟 is a zither.

1974 and 1997. Nelson. Nelson's character dictionary gives large and small Japanese harps for 琴瑟 [64]; the New Nelson gives kinshitsu aiwa(su) be happily married [65].

1977. Arthur Rose-Innes, Beginners' Dictionary of Chinese-Japanese Characters. Kinshitsu aiwasu to live in conjugal harmony, as in the editions of the 1940s [66].

1984. Burton Watson, The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry. 關雎, headed Said to be a wedding song for a member of the royal family: harp and lute make friends with her, with the note The bride is welcomed into the groom's house [18].

1988. Kuiseko Ryokushū, Brush Writing. A beginner's calligraphy book teaches the phrase as a brush text, Kinshitsu aiwa with su in the book's own brackets: means that large and small zithers play … [67].

2003. Victor Sōgen Hori, Zen Sand. The third stanza of 關雎 as a Zen capping phrase, read 窈窕たる淑女は琴瑟して之を愛しむ, with Watson's English [68].

2025. Kayo Shiokawa, The Truth of Love and Death. (Kinshitsu Sowa), "the lute and zither sounding in harmony" [69]. Half wrong: both instruments are zithers.

Today: JMdict gives pair of persons (especially a married couple) being intimate and harmonious; being happily married, and for the verb to go together like two zithers [7]. The phrase is not yet sold as a design. The selection sheet's English, the zither and lute in harmony, keeps Legge's lute; word for word the phrase is the qin and the se in harmony, two zithers in tune, and a rendering that keeps the instruments should name two zithers, or none.

A reading

The picture is old and Chinese, and the phrase is younger and came by prose. The Book of Songs gives the two zithers twice, once to welcome a bride whom a young man has lain awake for, and once in a song about brothers whose joy, Zhu Xi says, cannot last without them, written by a duke who had executed two of his own; the four characters were made by a commentator explaining a verb and by a storyteller praising a poet's second marriage. Japan kept 琴瑟 as court music for a thousand years and took it as a marriage only when the Chinese primer of set phrases reached it, with the untuned instrument and the glaring eyes beside it: the 1805 preface and Tanehiko's nun both set 琴瑟 against 反目, which is the primer's pair, and the primer had been printed in Japan with that note fourteen years before. That they took it from that book is my reading; neither names it. The Meiji school primer and the letter manuals made it the congratulation, and the inverted 如鼓琴瑟 they print is not a slip but the old variant of the 中庸's manuscripts, probably held in place by the noun 琴瑟, which every reader already said in that order. I read the Rescript's 夫婦相和シ as the frame that made 琴瑟相和シ the stock clause of the biographical dictionaries, though no witness says so. What the phrase holds, read whole, is Yanzi's point: harmony is not one note. The qin and the se are two different instruments, one small and one large, with different strings, and the wish is that they sound together, which is a harder and better thing to wish a couple than sameness.

Notes

Sources not seen

The earliest ruby readings of the phrase stand in three books that the National Diet Library serves only to readers in Japan, and the library's record of each gives the line: 『女学雑誌』 of February 1889 (pid 1749342), with 琴瑟相和し read きんしつあいわ; 『征露戦報』 of 1904 (pid 1566916), with 琴瑟相和の read きんひつさうわ; and 『卓上五分の雄弁』 of 1918 (pid 906441), with さうわ in ruby. Seeing the leaves would confirm the dates at which this history places the readings aiwasu and sōwa.

A reader with access to any of these is invited to write to Takase Studios at Tim@Takase.com.

References

  1. 「琴瑟相和す」, デジタル大辞泉, 精選版 日本国語大辞典 and 故事成語を知る辞典, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/琴瑟相和す-481221
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Authors

Tim Jackowski (Systems Architect, Takase Studios, LLC) · 典 Ten (Anthropic Claude Opus 5.5, Takase Studios LLC)

AI written · Ten wrote the history. Tim Jackowski commissioned it and answers for it.

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