一生懸命 isshōkenmei Do One's Very Best
This is a philological study of the Japanese phrase 一生懸命 (isshōkenmei), to give everything as if one's life hung on it. It spans the record from the phrase's first witness in the 1212 anecdote of a courtier and a warrior's single fief, spelled 一所懸命, one place staked with one's life, through the Edo puppet stage's respelling in 1734 to 一生, a whole life, and it examines why both spellings are one word, correct at once, though the newspapers and broadcasters have long since chosen the newer one.
Abstract
一生懸命, isshōkenmei, is a Japanese-made word meaning to give everything, as if one's life hung on it, first attested in 1212 as 一所懸命, a warrior's single fief staked with his life. The Edo puppet stage respelled it 一生懸命, a whole life, in 1734, and the newer spelling has run ahead of the older one in print ever since; by 2000 Japan's newspapers and broadcasters had settled on it. Both spellings are one word and both are correct: the twelfth-century anecdote behind the phrase is about a fief, and about a man for whom one thing was everything, and the Edo playwright who first wrote 一生 was right about the feeling even if the dictionaries call the respelling a forgetting.
Overview
The sense. To give everything, as if one's life hung on it; made in Japan from 一所, one place, the single fief a warrior defended with his life, and respelled 一生, a whole life, by the Edo theaters and novelists from 1734. The 日本国語大辞典 defines 一生懸命 as 命がけで事にあたること。一心に骨折ること…必死, to meet a thing as if one's life depended on it, and says of its origin only that the medieval いっしょけんめい turned into this form in the Edo period [1]. Its entry for 一所懸命 gives the older sense first: 中世、生活の頼みとして、命をかけて所領を守ろうとすること。また、その所領, to defend with one's life the fief one lived by, and the fief itself [1]. The change is in the ear: ショ lengthened to ショウ in Edo speech, the notion of place was forgotten, and 一生 was written for the sound. Both spellings are correct and are one word.
The words. Isshōkenmei; the older spelling 一所懸命 reads isshokenmei, without the long vowel. 一生 is a lifetime; 懸命 is to hang one's life on something, a word the sixteenth-century chronicles use of a fief granted for one's livelihood [1]; 一所 is one place.
The text in English. The word reaches English as a vocabulary item and stays one.
The historical record
1212. One place, one life. The word's first witness is an anecdote, and it holds the whole meaning. A courtier, 顕季, and a warrior, 義光, dispute an estate, and the retired emperor 白河 will not rule. One day, alone with the courtier, he explains: without that one estate you would lack nothing; for him, I hear, that one place is his life (彼ハ只一所懸命之由聞召之). If I judged by right and title, a warrior who does not weigh such things might do something black. Better that you yield the place. The courtier weeps, calls the warrior in, tells him I have other estates; you rely on this one, and writes the deed of surrender that day. The warrior moves to the guardroom in joy. A year or two later the courtier, riding home at night with two servants, meets armed men on the road: the warrior's, guarding him [2]. That is what 一所懸命 meant: the one piece of land a man would die to keep.
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A warrior's term, then a dictionary word. The 太平記 puts it in a traitor's mouth: the man who sells the hiding place of the last Hōjō heir asks, for his loyalty, the confirmation of a fief to stake my life on (一所懸命ノ地ヲ安堵仕ル様ニ) [3]. The 庭訓往来, the letter-writing primer every Edo schoolboy would copy, has it in a letter on inherited land: as to the hereditary holdings, the land on which one's life is staked, there shall be no dispute (一所懸命之地者不可有相違) [4]. And in 1444 the 下学集, the century's dictionary of three thousand words, lists 一所懸命 among its words and phrases, between ultimate and entire [5]. A 節用集 of 1597 gives its kana, イッシヨケンメイ, with no long vowel, beside 一騎当千 [6].
The Edo period. Two spellings. The warrior's books keep the old word and the old sense: a house code of 1673, a fief is the land one stakes one's life on; service, loyalty and renown are a warrior's honor (所領は一所懸命の地也) [7]. The townsman's books keep the old spelling for the new feeling: in a 1736 novel a failing doctor faces 一所懸命の分別所, the decision everything hangs on [8]. And the puppet stage writes the new spelling two years before that: 文耕堂's 応神天皇八白旗 of 1734, 大君を殺さねば一生懸命の, and again 最早一生懸命と, with the kana いつしやうけんめい [9]. From there the 一生 spelling is the popular press's. 平賀源内's essay in praise of farting, printed 1780, has a fox's fart as 一生懸命の敵を防ぐ, a life-or-death defense [10]. 山東京伝's picture riddles of 1794 set 一生懸命 as a five-character puzzle, with the kana イツシヤウケンメイ [11]. 為永春水's romances of the 1830s have a girl run out 一生懸命, with the same kana [12]. The National Diet Library's pre-modern books show the split whole: 一所懸命 in ninety-two, chronicles, dictionaries, house codes and gazetteers; 一生懸命 in sixty-four, plays, comic books and novels [13]. The warriors kept the place; the theaters wrote the life.
Meiji to now. Both spellings ran on. The primary reader of 1887 taught 一所懸命 [1]; the library's index has it in thirty-seven books of the 1880s and six hundred and fifty-seven of the 1930s, and 一生懸命 in at least four times as many in every decade, more than ten thousand before 1945 [13]. In 2000 the NHK放送文化研究所 wrote that the newspapers and magazines had mostly unified on 一生懸命, and broadcasting uses 一生懸命 too [14]. The modern spelling is the press's and the broadcasters'.
What is not a source. No Chinese text: neither spelling occurs in the Chinese archives [15]. 懸命 alone is Chinese (the 後漢書, by the 字通) [1], but the compound with 一所 is Japanese, made in the language of land. A derivation from 一生, one's whole life, explains the modern spelling, not the word.
The word in English
1945. Ashikaga's list of the kanji in the Naganuma readers: isshõkenmei [16]. 1949. Uyehara, Songs for Children Sung in Japan: Issho-kenmei nigete iku, the ogre fleeing [17]. 1973. Japanese for Today: isshō kenmei — with all one's might [18]. 1986. Japan in the Global Community: the expression "issho-kenmei," which in current usage means "to do one's best" [19]. 1989. Watanabe Shōichi, The Peasant Soul of Japan: … of thinking from which derives the term ISSHOKENMEI is a development of this concept [20]. 1990. De Mente, Japan's Secret Weapon: The Kata Factor: gambaru … and issho-kenmei yaru [21]. 1993. Tanaka Keijirō, Till the Whole Is Leavened: "Issho" means one place; Vance, Kodansha's Romanized Japanese-English Dictionary: to strive, to persevere [22]. 1994. Yamazaki Masakazu, Individualism and the Japanese: issho kenmei, which expresses determination to stake one's life [23]. The writers who explain the word explain 一所; the ones who use it use 一生. Do one's best is in print by 1986, with all one's might by 1973.
Today. The word has meant one thing said two ways. To the twelfth-century court and the medieval warrior it was a fief and the life bound to it, a term of land tenure with a feeling inside it. By the 1660s and the townsman's novels it was the feeling alone, as if one's life hung on it, and by 1734 the theaters were spelling the feeling as they heard it, 一生, a whole life. The dictionaries call the respelling a forgetting; the English writers of the 1980s and 90s, Watanabe Shōichi and Yamazaki Masakazu among them, made the old spelling a thesis about the Japanese bond to one plot of ground [20][23]. Both are true. The emperor's sentence in 1212 was about a fief and about a man for whom one thing was everything, and the playwright who wrote 一生 was right about the feeling.
A reading
A reader who learns that the word began as one place, one life, in a scene where an emperor tells a courtier to yield an estate because for the other man it is his life, has been given the word rather than a gloss. For a dojo the story is exactly right: the warrior's word for the one thing he would die to keep.
References
- 「一生懸命」・「一所懸命」・「懸命」・「下学集」・「庭訓往来」, 精選版日本国語大辞典・デジタル大辞泉, at kotobank. https://kotobank.jp/word/一生懸命 · https://kotobank.jp/word/一所懸命 · https://kotobank.jp/word/懸命
- 古事談, book three, 国史大系 15, 経済雑誌社, 1901, scan 20. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/991105/1/20
- 太平記, book eleven, 冨春堂 print, 1603, scan 5. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/8943158/1/5
- 庭訓往来抄, National Diet Library Digital Collections, scan 36. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2532288/1/36
- 下学集, 元和3 (1617) print, scan 74. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2538644/1/74
- 節用集, 慶長2 (1597), scan 6. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2543886/1/6
- 子孫鑑, 寒河正親, 寛文13 (1673), scan 37. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2551240/1/37
- 江島其磧, 諸商人世帯形気, 享保21 (1736), scan 19. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2551585/1/19
- 文耕堂, 応神天皇八白旗 (1734), in 文耕堂浄瑠璃集, 博文館, 1900, scan 281 and scan 295. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1882691/1/281 · https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1882691/1/295
- 平賀源内, 放屁論, in 風来六部集, 安永9 (1780), scan 6. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2534153/1/6
- 山東京伝, 絵兄弟, 寛政6 (1794), scan 8. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/8929921/1/8
- 為永春水, 娜真都翳喜, 4編, 天保, scan 12. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/8942911/1/12
- National Diet Library Digital Collections, next-generation full-text search on 一所懸命 and 一生懸命, classical facet. https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/
- NHK放送文化研究所 (2000), quoted by All About. https://news.allabout.co.jp/articles/o/47341/
- zh.wikisource and the Chinese Text Project (ctext), searched for 一生懸命 and 一所懸命. https://zh.wikisource.org · https://ctext.org
- Ashikaga, List of 300 Kanji … Naganuma Readers, 1945, at Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/listof300kanjiwh0000ensh
- Uyehara, Songs for Children Sung in Japan, 1949, at Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/songsforchildren0000uyeh
- Japanese for Today, 1973, at Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/japanesefortoday0000unse
- Japan in the Global Community, 1986, at Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/japaninglobalcom0000unse
- Watanabe Shōichi, The Peasant Soul of Japan, 1989, at Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/peasantsoulofjap0000wata
- De Mente, Japan's Secret Weapon: The Kata Factor, 1990.
- Tanaka Keijirō, Till the Whole Is Leavened, 1993; Vance, Kodansha's Romanized Japanese-English Dictionary, 1993.
- Yamazaki Masakazu, Individualism and the Japanese, 1994, at Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/individualismjap0000yama